arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Wilfried Buchmuller.
We review new results on strong and electroweak interactions, flavour physics, cosmic rays and cosmology, which were presented at this conference, focussing on physics beyond the Standard Models. Special emphasis is given to the Higgs sector of the Standard Model of Particle Physics and recent results on high-energy cosmic rays and their implications for dark matter.
Gravitino dark matter, together with thermal leptogenesis, implies an upper bound on the masses of superparticles. In the case of broken R-parity the constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis are naturally satisfied and decaying gravitinos lead to characteristic signatures in high energy cosmic rays. Electron and positron fluxes from gravitino decays cannot explain both, the PAMELA positron fraction and the electron + positron flux recently measured by Fermi LAT. The observed fluxes require astrophysical sources. The measured antiproton flux allows for a sizable contribution of decaying gravitinos to the gamma-ray spectrum, in particular a line at an energy below 300 GeV.
We discuss the stabilization of the compact dimension for a class of five-dimensional orbifold supergravity models. Supersymmetry is broken by the superpotential on a boundary. Classically, the size $L$ of the fifth dimension is undetermined, with or without supersymmetry breaking, and the effective potential is of no-scale type. The size $L$ is fixed by quantum corrections to the Kähler potential, the Casimir energy and Fayet-Iliopoulos (FI) terms localized at the boundaries. For an FI scale of order $M_\mathrm{GUT}$, as in heterotic string compactifications with anomalous $\U1$ symmetries, one obtains $L \sim 1/M_\mathrm{GUT}$. A small mass is predicted for the scalar fluctuation associated with the fifth dimension, $m_ρ \lesssim m_{3/2}/(L M)$.
We study a supersymmetric field theory in six dimensions compactified on the orbifold T^2/Z_2 with two Wilson lines. After supersymmetry breaking, the Casimir energy fixes the shape moduli at fixed points in field space where the symmetry of the torus lattice is enhanced. Localized Fayet-Iliopoulos terms stabilize the volume modulus at a size much smaller than the inverse supersymmetry breaking scale. All moduli masses are smaller than the gravitino mass.
Gravitino dark matter, together with thermal leptogenesis, implies an upper bound on the masses of superparticles. In the case of broken R-parity the constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis are naturally satisfied and decaying gravitinos lead to characteristic signatures in high energy cosmic rays. We analyse the implications for supergravity models with universal boundary conditions at the grand unification scale. Together with low-energy observables one obtains a window of superparticle masses, which will soon be probed at the LHC, and a range of allowed reheating temperatures.
We show that in the case of small R-parity and lepton number breaking couplings, primordial nucleosynthesis, thermal leptogenesis and gravitino dark matter are naturally consistent for gravitino masses m_{3/2} \gsim 5 GeV. We present a model where R-parity breaking is tied to B-L breaking, which predicts the needed small couplings. The metastable next-to-lightest superparticle has a decay length that is typically larger than a few centimeters, with characteristic signatures at the LHC. The photon flux produced by relic gravitino decays may be part of the apparent excess in the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray flux obtained from the EGRET data for a gravitino mass m_{3/2} \sim 10 GeV. In this case, a clear signal can be expected from GLAST in the near future.
In supersymmetric extensions of the standard model there is no basic difference between Higgs and matter fields, which leads to the well known problem of potentially large baryon and lepton number violating interactions. Although these unwanted couplings can be forbidden by continuous or discrete global symmetries, a theoretical guiding principle for their choice is missing. We examine this problem for a class of vacua of the heterotic string compactified on an orbifold. As expected, in general there is no difference between Higgs and matter. However, certain vacua happen to possess unbroken matter parity and discrete $R$-symmetries which single out Higgs fields in the low energy effective field theory. We present a method how to identify maximal vacua in which the perturbative contribution to the $μ$-term and the expectation value of the superpotential vanish. Two vacua are studied in detail, one with two pairs of Higgs doublets and one with partial gauge-Higgs unification.
Higher-dimensional theories provide a promising framework for unified extensions of the supersymmetric standard model. Compactifications to four dimensions often lead to U(1) symmetries beyond the standard model gauge group, whose breaking scale is classically undetermined. Without supersymmetry breaking, this is also the case for the size of the compact dimensions. Fayet-Iliopoulos terms generically fix the scale M of gauge symmetry breaking. The interplay with supersymmetry breaking can then stabilize the compact dimensions at a size 1/M, much smaller than the inverse supersymmetry breaking scale 1/mu. We illustrate this mechanism with an SO(10) model in six dimensions, compactified on an orbifold.
We study the connection between quark and lepton mass matrices in a supersymmetric SO(10) GUT model in six dimensions, compactified on an orbifold. The physical quarks and leptons are mixtures of brane and bulk states. This leads to a characteristic pattern of mass matrices and high-energy CP violating phases. The hierarchy of up and down quark masses determines the CKM matrix and most charged lepton and neutrino masses and mixings. The small hierarchy of neutrino masses is a consequence of the mismatch of the up and down quark mass hierarchies. The effective CP violating phases in the quark sector, neutrino oscillations and leptogenesis are unrelated. In the neutrino sector we can accomodate naturally $\sin θ_{23} \sim 1$, $\sin θ_{13} \lesssim 0.1$ and $m_1 \lesssim m_2 \sim \sqrt{Δm^2_\text{sol}} < m_3 \sim \sqrt{Δm^2_\text{atm}}$.
We study the prospects for detecting gamma-rays from decaying Dark Matter (DM), focusing in particular on gravitino DM in R-parity breaking vacua. Given the substantially different angular distribution of the predicted gamma-ray signal with respect to the case of annihilating DM, and the relatively poor (of order 0.1$^\circ$) angular resolution of gamma-ray detectors, the best strategy for detection is in this case to look for an exotic contribution to the gamma-ray flux at high galactic latitudes, where the decaying DM contribution would resemble an astrophysical extra-galactic component, similar to the one inferred by EGRET observations. Upcoming experiments such as GLAST and AMS-02 may identify this exotic contribution and discriminate it from astrophysical sources, or place significant constraints on the mass and lifetime of DM particles.
We desribe in detail a Z_6 orbifold compactification of the heterotic E_8 x E_8 string which leads to the (supersymmetric) standard model gauge group and matter content. The quarks and leptons appear as three 16-plets of SO(10), two of which are localized at fixed points with local SO(10) symmetry. The model has supersymmetric vacua without exotics at low energies and is consistent with gauge coupling unification. Supersymmetry can be broken via gaugino condensation in the hidden sector. The model has large vacuum degeneracy. Certain vacua with approximate B-L symmetry have attractive phenomenological features. The top quark Yukawa coupling arises from gauge interactions and is of the order of the gauge couplings. The other Yukawa couplings are suppressed by powers of standard model singlet fields, similarly to the Froggatt-Nielsen mechanism.
We study the possibility of realizing the neutrino seesaw mechanism in the E8XE8 heterotic string. In particular, we consider its Z_6 orbifold compactifications leading to the supersymmetric standard model gauge group and matter content. We find that these models possess all the necessary ingredients for the seesaw mechanism, including the required Dirac Yukawa couplings and large Majorana mass terms. We argue that this situation is quite common in heterotic orbifolds. In contrast to the conventional seesaw of grand unified theories (GUTs), no large GUT representations are needed to generate the Majorana mass terms. The total number of right--handed neutrinos can be very large, up to O(100).
We study implications of thermal leptogenesis for the superparticle mass spectrum. A consistent picture is obtained if the lightest superparticle is the gravitino, which can be the dominant component of cold dark matter. In the case of a long-lived charged scalar lepton as next-to-lightest superparticle, supergravity can be tested at the next generation of colliders, LHC and ILC.
We study dark matter for gaugino-mediated supersymmetry breaking and compact dimensions of order the grand unification scale. Higgs fields are bulk fields, and in general their masses differ from those of squarks and sleptons at the unification scale. As a consequence, at different points in parameter space, the gravitino, a neutralino or a scalar lepton can be the lightest (LSP) or next-to-lightest (NLSP) superparticle. We investigate the constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis on the different scenarios. While neutralino and gravitino dark matter with a sneutrino NLSP are consistent for a wide range of parameters, gravitino dark matter with a stau NLSP is strongly constrained.
We revisit the conjecture of a generalized second law of thermodynamics which states that the combined entropy of matter and horizons must grow. In an expanding universe a generalized second law restricts the equation of state. In particular, it conflicts with long phases of a phantom, w<-1, equation of state.
We present a Z_6 orbifold compactification of the E_8xE_8 heterotic string which leads to the (supersymmetric) Standard Model gauge group and matter content. The quarks and leptons appear as three 16-plets of SO(10), whereas the Higgs fields do not form complete SO(10) multiplets. The model has no exotic states at low energies and is consistent with gauge coupling unification. The top quark Yukawa coupling arises from gauge interactions and is of the order of the gauge couplings, whereas the other Yukawa couplings are suppressed.
We study gaugino-mediated supersymmetry breaking in a six-dimensional SO(10) orbifold GUT model where quarks and leptons are mixtures of brane and bulk fields. The couplings of bulk matter fields to the supersymmetry breaking brane field have to be suppressed in order to avoid large FCNCs. We derive bounds on the soft supersymmetry breaking parameters and calculate the superparticle mass spectrum. If the gravitino is the LSP, the stau_1 or the snu_tau turns out to be the NLSP, with characteristic signatures at future colliders and in cosmology.
In the standard model matter fields form complete representations of a grand unified group whereas Higgs fields belong to incomplete `split' multiplets. This remarkable fact is naturally explained by `local grand unification' in higher-dimensional extensions of the standard model. Here, the generations of matter fields are localized in regions of compact space which are endowed with a GUT gauge symmetry whereas the Higgs doublets are bulk fields. We realize local grand unification in the framework of orbifold compactifications of the heterotic string, and we present an example with SO(10) as a local GUT group, which leads to the supersymmetric standard model as an effective four-dimensional theory. We also discuss different orbifold GUT limits and the unification of gauge and Yukawa couplings.