arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Willem A. de Graaf.
Following an idea of Demarche and using computer calculations of the authors and ideas of the LLM Claude Fable 5, we construct an explicit 10-dimensional complex two-step nilpotent Lie algebra that is isomorphic to its complex conjugate but cannot be defined over the field of real numbers R.
In 1981 Antonyan classified the orbits of SL$(8,\mathbb{C})$ on $\bigwedge^4 \mathbb{C}^8$. This is an example of a $θ$-group action as introduced and studied by Vinberg. The orbits of a $θ$-group are divided into three classes: nilpotent, semisimple and mixed. We consider the action of SL$(8,\mathbb{R})$ on $\bigwedge^4 \mathbb{R}^8$ and classify the nilpotent and semisimple orbits as well as the Cartan subspaces. The semisimple orbits are divided into 1441 parametrized classes. Due to this high number a classification of the mixed orbits does not seem feasible. Our methods are based on Galois cohomology.
This paper is a contribution to the supersymmetry gap problem for supergravity backgrounds $(M,g,F)$ in $11$ dimensions. We study restrictions on the curvature of $(M,g,F)$ and, using the bijective correspondence between the space of certain filtered deformations of Lie superalgebras and the space of highly supersymmetric supergravity backgrounds, we establish the following general rigidity result: if the $4$-form $F$ has rank $\operatorname{rk}(F)\leq 6$, Euclidean support, and the space $\mathfrak{k}_{\bar 1}$ of Killing spinors has dimension $\dim\mathfrak{k}_{\bar 1}> 26$ then $(M,g,F)$ is locally isometric to the maximally supersymmetric Minkowski spacetime or Freund Rubin background $\mathrm{AdS}_7\times\mathrm{S}^4$. The same rigidity result but with finer estimates on $\dim\mathfrak{k}_{\bar 1}$ is provided for certain types of $\mathfrak k_{\bar 1}$ and specific orbits of the $4$-form under the action of the Lorentz group.
We describe an algorithm for determining the algebraic subgroup of GL(n,C) that is defined as the closure of the group generated by a finite number of elements of GL(n,C). The algorithm avoids the use of Groebner bases and can be used on non-trivial examples. In the last section we report on an implementation of the algorithm in the computer algebra system {\tt OSCAR}.
We classify the real subalgebras of the generalized special unitary algebra $\mathfrak{su}(2,1)$, a non-compact real form of the complex special linear algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$. Our approach combines Galois cohomology with the existing classification of complex subalgebras of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$. This work completes the classification of real subalgebras of the non-compact real forms of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$, since those of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{R})$ have already been classified.
We classify the subalgebras of the real forms the complex linear algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$, namely the real special linear algebra $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{R})$, the special unitary algebra $\mathfrak{su}(3)$, and the generalized special unitary algebra $\mathfrak{su}(2,1)$. Our approach applies Galois cohomology to the known classification of complex subalgebras of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$. The subalgebras of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{R})$ were previously classified by Winternitz using different techniques. We recover this classification using our cohomological approach and amend minor inaccuracies. Our work, however, constitutes the first complete classifications of the subalgebras of $\mathfrak{su}(3)$ and $\mathfrak{su}(2,1)$. In addition to illuminating the internal structure of the real forms of $\mathfrak{sl}_3(\mathbb{C})$, our methodology provides a pathway for future investigations into the subalgebra structure of higher-dimensional cases. In addition, the present work and its extensions offer potential applications in representation theory, applied mathematics, and physics.
We develop algorithms and computer programs which verify criteria of properness of discrete group actions on semisimple homogeneous spaces. We apply these algorithms to find new examples of non-virtually abelian discontinuous group actions on homogeneous spaces which do not admit proper SL(2,R)-actions.
Let G be a linear algebraic group, not necessarily connected or reductive, over the field of real numbers R. We describe a method, implemented on computer, to find the first Galois cohomology set H^1(R,G). The output is a list of 1-cocycles in G. Moreover, we have an implemented algorithm that, given a 1-cocycle z in Z^1(R,G), finds the cocycle in the computed list to which z is equivalent, together with an element of G(C) realizing the equivalence.
We present a computational approach to determine the space of almost-inner derivations of a finite dimensional Lie algebra given by a structure constant table. We also present an example of a Lie algebra for which the quotient algebra of the almost-inner derivations modulo the inner derivations is non-abelian. This answers a question of Kunyavskii and Ostapenko.
We classify the non-degenerate two-step nilpotent Lie algebras of dimension 8 over the field of real numbers, using known results over complex numbers. We write explicit structure constants for these real Lie algebras.
In this paper we classify the orbits of the group SL(3,F)^3 on the space F^3\otimes F^3\otimes F^3 for F=C and F=R. This is known as the classification of complex and real 3-qutrit states. We also give an overview of physical theories where these classifications are relevant.
We illustrate the Lie theoretic capabilities of the computational algebra system GAP4 by reporting on results on nilpotent orbits of simple Lie algebras that have been obtained using computations in that system. Concerning reachable elements in simple Lie algebras we show by computational means that the simple Lie algebras of exceptional type have the Panyushev property. We computationally prove two propositions on the dimension of the abelianization of the centralizer of a nilpotent element in simple Lie algebras of exceptional type. Finally we obtain the closure ordering of the orbits in the null cone of the spinor representation of the group Spin_{13}(C). All input and output of the relevant GAP sessions is given.
We classify states of four rebits, that is, we classify the orbits of the group $\widehat{G}(\mathbb R) = \mathrm{\mathop{SL}}(2,\mathbb R)^4$ in the space $(\mathbb R^2)^{\otimes 4}$. This is the real analogon of the well-known SLOCC operations in quantum information theory. By constructing the $\widehat{G}(\mathbb R)$-module $(\mathbb R^2)^{\otimes 4}$ via a $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$-grading of the simple split real Lie algebra of type $D_4$, the orbits are divided into three groups: semisimple, nilpotent and mixed. The nilpotent orbits have been classified in Dietrich et al. (2017), yielding applications in theoretical physics (extremal black holes in the STU model of $\mathcal{N}=2, D=4$ supergravity, see Ruggeri and Trigiante (2017)). Here we focus on the semisimple and mixed orbits which we classify with recently developed methods based on Galois cohomology, see Borovoi et al. (2021). These orbits are relevant to the classification of non-extremal (or extremal over-rotating) and two-center extremal black hole solutions in the STU model.
We classify four qubit states under SLOCC operations, that is, we classify the orbits of the group $\mathrm{\mathop{SL}}(2,\mathbb{C})^4$ on the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_4 = (\mathbb{C}^2)^{\otimes 4}$. We approach the classification by realising this representation as a symmetric space of maximal rank. We first describe general methods for classifying the orbits of such a space. We then apply these methods to obtain the orbits in our special case, resulting in a complete and irredundant classification of $\mathrm{\mathop{SL}}(2,\mathbb{C})^4$-orbits on $\mathcal{H}_4$. It follows that an element of $(\mathbb{C}^2)^{\otimes 4}$ is conjugate to an element of precisely 87 classes of elements. Each of these classes either consists of one element or of a parametrised family of elements, and the elements in the same class all have equal stabiliser in $\mathrm{\mathop{SL}}(2,\mathbb{C})^4$. We also present a complete and irredundant classification of elements and stabilisers up to the action of ${\rm Sym}_4\ltimes\mathrm{\mathop{SL}}(2,\mathbb{C})^4$ where ${\rm Sym}_4$ permutes the four tensor factors of $(\mathbb{C}^2)^{\otimes 4}$.
We classify real trivectors in dimension 9. The corresponding classification over the field C of complex numbers was obtained by Vinberg and Elashvili in 1978. One of the main tools used for their classification was the construction of the representation of SL(9,C) on the space of complex trivectors of C^9 as a theta-representation corresponding to a Z/3Z-grading of the simple complex Lie algebra of type E_8. This divides the trivectors into three groups: nilpotent, semisimple, and mixed trivectors. Our classification follows the same pattern. We use Galois cohomology, first and second, to obtain the classification over R.
In this paper we classify real trivectors in dimension 9. The corresponding classification over the field C of complex numbers was done by Vinberg and Elashvili in 1978. One of the main tools used for their classification was the construction of the representation of SL(9,C) on the space of complex trivectors of C^9 as a theta-representation corresponding to a Z/3Z-grading of the simple complex Lie algebra of type E8. This divides the trivectors into three groups: nilpotent, semisimple, and mixed trivectors. Our classification follows the same pattern. We use Galois cohomology to obtain the classification over R. For the nilpotent orbits this is in principle rather straightforward and the main problem is to determine the first Galois cohomology sets of a long list of centralizers (we compute the centralizers using computer). For the semisimple and mixed orbits we develop new methods based on Galois cohomology, first and second. We also consider real theta-representations in general, and derive a number of results that are useful for the classification of their orbits.
A constructive method for decomposing finite dimensional representations of semisimple real Lie algebras is developed. The method is illustrated by an example. We also discuss an implementation of the algorithm in the language of the computer algebra system {\sf GAP}4.
We give tables of noncompact real forms of maximal reductive subalgebras of complex simple Lie algebras of rank up to 8. These were obtained by computational methods that we briefly describe. We also discuss applications in theoretical physics of these embeddings.