arXiv subjects

William D. Walker

Publications and source records attributed to William D. Walker.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2007

Nearfield Electromagnetic Effects on Einstein Special Relativity

In this paper Maxwell equations are used to analyze the propagation of oscillating electric and magnetic fields from a moving electric dipole source. The results show that both the magnetic field and electric fields generated propagate faster than the speed of light in the nearfield and reduce to the speed of light as they propagate into the farfield of the source. In addition, the results show that the speed of the fields are dependant on the velocity of the source in the nearfield and only become independent in the farfield. These effects are shown to be the same whether the source or observation point is moving. Because these effects conflict with the assumptions on which Einstein's theory of special relativity theory is based, relativity theory is reanalyzed. The analysis shows that the relativistic gamma factor is dependant on whether the analysis is performed using nearfield or farfield propagating EM fields. In the nearfield, gamma is approximately one indicating that the coordinate transforms are Galilean in the nearfield. In the farfield the gamma factor reduces to the standard known relativistic formula indicating that they are approximately valid in the farfield. Because time dilation and space contraction depend on whether nearfield or farfield propagating fields are used in their analysis, it is proposed that Einstein relativistic effects are an illusion created by the propagating EM fields used in their measurement. Instead space and time are proposed to not be flexible as indicated by Galilean relativity.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2006

Superluminal Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields Generated in the Nearfield of Dipole Sources

In this paper the fields generated by an electric dipole and a gravitational quadrapole are shown to propagate superluminally in the nearfield of the source and reduce to the speed of light as the fields propagate into the farfield. A theoretical derivation of the generated fields using Maxwell's equations is presented followed by a theoretical analysis of the phase and group speed of the propagating fields. This theoretical prediction is then verified by a numerical simulation which demonstrates the superluminal propagation of modulated signals in the nearfield of their sources. An experiment using simple dipole antennas is also presented which verifies the theoretically expected superluminal propagation of transverse electromagnetic fields in the nearfield of the source. The phase speed, group speed, and information speed of these systems are compared and shown to differ. Provided the noise of a signal is small and the modulation method is known, it is shown that the information speed can be approximately the same as the superluminal group speed. According to relativity theory, it is known that between moving reference frames, superluminal signals can propagate backwards in time enabling violations of causality. Several explanations are presented which may resolve this dilemma.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

Theoretical, Numerical, and Experimental Evidence of Superluminal Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields Generated in the Nearfield of Dipole Sources

Theoretical and numerical wave propagation analysis of an oscillating electric dipole is presented. The results show that upon creation at the source, both the longitudinal electric and transverse magnetic fields propagate superluminally and reduce to the speed of light as they propagate about one wavelength from the source. In contrast, the transverse electric field is shown to be created about 1/4 wavelength outside the source and launches superluminal fields both towards and away from the source which reduce to the speed of light as the field propagates about one wavelength from the source. An experiment using simple dipole antennas is shown to verify the predicted superluminal transverse electric field behavior. In addition, it is shown that the fields generated by a gravitational source propagate superluminally and can be modeled using quadrapole electrodynamic theory. The phase speed, group speed, and information speed of these systems are compared and shown to differ. Provided the noise of a signal is small and the modulation method is known, it is shown that the information speed can be approximately the same as the superluminal group speed. According to relativity theory, it is known that between moving reference frames, superluminal signals can propagate backwards in time enabling violations of causality. Several explanations are presented which may resolve this dilemma.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2003

Near-field Analysis of Superluminally Propagating Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields

A near-field analysis based on Maxwells equations is presented which indicates that the fields generated by both an electric and a magnetic dipole or quadrapole, and also the gravitational waves generated by a quadrapole mass source propagate superluminally in the nearfield of the source and reduce to the speed of light as the waves propagate into the farfield. Both the phase speed and the group speed are shown to be superluminal in the nearfield of these systems. Although the information speed is shown to differ from group speed in the nearfield of these systems, provided the noise of the signal is small and the modulation method is known, the information can be extracted in a time period much smaller than the wave propagation time, thereby making the information speed only slightly less than the superluminal group speed. It is shown that relativity theory indicates that these superluminal signals can be reflected off of a moving frame causing the information to arrive before the signal was transmitted (i.e. backward in time). It is unknown if these signals can be used to change the past.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2000

Analysis of Causality Issue in Near-field Superluminally Propagating Electromagnetic and Gravitational Fields

A simple relativistic analysis is presented which shows that near-field superluminal longitudinal electric signals generated by an electric dipole cannot be used to violate Einstein causality by using the relativistic "sync shift" effect. The analysis shows that because a signal has some time extent (i.e. after a signal is initiated one must waitat least one period for the frequency and amplitude information to be determined), an electric dipole can be used to transmit a signal backward in time, but not before the same signal was initiated, thereby prohibiting a user from changing the signal that was transmitted. The result is also shown to apply to the superluminal near-field gravitational fields generated by an oscillating mass.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

Experimental Evidence of Near-field Superluminally Propagating Electromagnetic Fields

A simple experiment is presented which indicates that electromagnetic fields propagate superluminally in the near-field next to an oscillating electric dipole source. A high frequency 437MHz, 2 watt sinusoidal electrical signal is transmitted from a dipole antenna to a parallel near-field dipole detecting antenna. The phase difference between the two antenna signals is monitored with an oscilloscope as the distance between the antennas is increased. Analysis of the phase vs distance curve indicates that superluminal transverse electric field waves (phase and group) are generated approximately one-quarter wavelength outside the source and propagate toward and away from the source. Upon creation, the transverse waves travel with infinite speed. The outgoing transverse waves reduce to the speed of light after they propagate about one wavelength away from the source. The inward propagating transverse fields rapidly reduce to the speed of light and then rapidly increase to infinite speed as they travel into the source. The results are shown to be consistent with standard electrodynamic theory.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

Superluminal Near-field Dipole Electromagnetic Fields

The purpose of this paper is to present mathematical evidence that electromagnetic near-field waves and wave groups, generated by an oscillating electric dipole, propagate much faster than the speed of light as they are generated near the source, and reduce to the speed of light at about one wavelength from the source. The speed at which wave groups propagate (group speed) is shown to be the speed at which both modulated wave information and wave energy density propagate. Because of the similarity of the governing partial differential equations, two other physical systems (magnetic oscillating dipole, and gravitational radiating oscillating mass) are noted to have similar results.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1997

Propagation Speed of Longitudinally Oscillating Gravitational and Electrical Fields

The near-field Lienard-Wiechert potential solution of a longitudinally oscillating electrical field produced by an oscillating charge is presented, and the results are compared to the R. P. Feynman multipole far-field solution. The results indicate that the phase speed of a longitudinally oscillating electrical field is much faster than the speed of light in the near field. A similar analysis is presented for a longitudinally oscillating gravitational field produced by a vibrating mass. The result also indicates that the phase speed of a longitudinally oscillating gravitational field is also much faster than the speed of light in the near-field. The possibility of measuring the group speed of a longitudinally oscillating electrical field and a longitudinally oscillating gravitational field, which is commonly thought to be equal to the speed of light, is now being considered. The basic idea is to amplitude-modulate the longitudinal vibration of a charge or a mass and to measure the resultant longitudinal vibration of a nearby charge or a mass due to electrical or gravitational interaction. The modulation signal can then be extracted using a diode detector and the group speed can then be determined from the oscillation frequency, the separation distance between the masses, and the measurement of the phase shift of the modulation signal. If the group speed is equal to the speed of light, then phase shifts on the order of 1 microdegree could be generated with a typical experimental set-up. An analysis using the classical definition of group velocity for a longitudinally oscillating electrical field is presented, and the results indicate that the group speed is also much faster that the speed of light in the near field, which should not be possible due to causality violation.

gr-qc↗

arXiv1996

Gravitational Forces with Strongly Localized Retardation

We solve the linearized Einstein equations for a specific oscillating mass distribution and discuss the usual counterarguments against the existence of observable gravitational retardations in the "near zone", where d/r << 1 (d = oscillation amplitude of the source, r = distance from the source). We show that they do not apply in the region d/r \approx 1, and prove that gravitational forces are retarded in the immediate vicinity of the source. An experiment to measure this retardation is proposed, which may provide the first direct experimental observation of propagating gravitational fields.

gr-qc↗