New physics explanations of $a_μ$ in light of the FNAL muon $g-2$ measurement
The Fermilab Muon $g-2$ experiment recently reported its first measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment $a_μ^{\textrm{FNAL}}$, which is in full agreement with the previous BNL measurement and pushes the world average deviation $Δa_μ^{2021}$ from the Standard Model to a significance of $4.2σ$. Here we provide an extensive survey of its impact on beyond the Standard Model physics. We use state-of-the-art calculations and a sophisticated set of tools to make predictions for $a_μ$, dark matter and LHC searches in a wide range of simple models with up to three new fields, that represent some of the few ways that large $Δa_μ$ can be explained. In addition for the particularly well motivated Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, we exhaustively cover the scenarios where large $Δa_μ$ can be explained while simultaneously satisfying all relevant data from other experiments. Generally, the $Δa_μ$ result can only be explained by rather small masses and/or large couplings and enhanced chirality flips, which can lead to conflicts with limits from LHC and dark matter experiments. Our results show that the new measurement excludes a large number of models and provides crucial constraints on others. Two-Higgs doublet and leptoquark models provide viable explanations of $a_μ$ only in specific versions and in specific parameter ranges. Among all models with up to three fields, only models with chirality enhancements can accommodate $a_μ$ and dark matter simultaneously. The MSSM can simultaneously explain $a_μ$ and dark matter for Bino-like LSP in several coannihilation regions. Allowing under abundance of the dark matter relic density, the Higgsino- and particularly Wino-like LSP scenarios become promising explanations of the $a_μ$ result.