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X. Wang

Publications and source records attributed to X. Wang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Search for proton decay into a single charged antilepton and a massless invisible particle using the full pure water data set of Super-Kamiokande

A search for proton decay via $p\rightarrow l^{+}+X$, where $l^{+}$ is a positively charged lepton and $X$ is an invisible, massless, neutral particle, was performed using a 401~kton$\cdot$years exposure representing the entire pure water phase of Super-Kamiokande. No significant indication of a proton decay was observed beyond the expected atmospheric neutrino background. Lower limits on the partial lifetime of the proton were set to at $1.72\times10^{33}$ years for $p\rightarrow e^{+}+X$ and $0.61\times10^{33}$ years for $p\rightarrow \mu^{+}+X$ at the $90\%$ confidence level. These results improve on previous limits by factors of 2 and 1.5, respectively.

hep-ex

Implications of relativistic corrections on high-momentum nucleon-transfer reactions

High-momentum components (HMCs) of nuclear wave functions, governed by short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations, provide essential insights into nuclear structure beyond the mean-field picture. High-energy (p, d) reactions offer access to these HMCs, but their theoretical treatment requires relativistic corrections when incident proton energies reach several hundred MeV. Although effects of relativistic kinematic corrections (RKCs) have been studied in several types of direct nuclear reactions, it has not been systematically studied in nucleon transfer reactions. Here, RKCs are incorporated into the adiabatic distorted wave approximation (ADWA) for (p, d) reactions by redefining particle masses in the zero-momentum frame. The approach is validated against proton elastic scattering data on 16O from 135 to 800 MeV using Dirac global optical model potentials, and then applied to (p,d) reactions on 12C, 16O, and 40Ca at incident energies from approximately 50 to 800 MeV. The RKCs yield neutron spectroscopic factors that are significantly more consistent across the entire energy range than those obtained from non-relativistic calculations, which systematically overestimate spectroscopic factors obtained at high incident energies. The present analysis demonstrates that relativistic kinematic corrections are of fundamental importance for the reliable extraction of spectroscopic factors and the accurate description of high-momentum nucleon-transfer reaction data.

nucl-th

Apodex 1.1: Scaling Agentic Intelligence for Complex Work

General-purpose language models can reason and synthesize knowledge, but complex work also requires sustained interaction with files, information sources, and executable code, together with state maintenance, failure recovery, and verifiable delivery. We call this \emph{working capability}: sustained, verifiable progress toward a real-world objective. Apodex 1.1 develops this capability along two complementary dimensions. \emph{Environment Scaling} expands the diversity and verifiability of executable file, search, and code environments, while \emph{Agentic Coordination Scaling} trains agents to decompose long-horizon tasks, delegate parallel work, integrate asynchronous results, and replan. A shared execution harness and AgentOS maintain task state and provenance across tools and agents, and training turns environment trajectories and coordination traces into reliable behavior. Across complex professional work, finance, scientific research, mathematics, coding, and search, Apodex 1.1 reaches the leading performance band despite using a substantially smaller model than many frontier systems. The 35B-parameter Apodex 1.1 Mini further retains strong working capability in a locally deployable form. These results ground agentic intelligence in useful, verifiable work completed over time and advance our goal of building a \emph{Heavy-Duty Solver} for ambitious, long-running tasks.

cs.AI

Characterization of a prototype parallel-plate $^{238}$U fission chamber with DD and DT fusion neutron sources

The SPARC tokamak will employ $^{238}$U-based fission chambers (FCs) to monitor high-performance deuterium-tritium (DT) plasma operations, spanning neutron yield rates from ${\sim}10^{15}$ to ${>}10^{19}$ n/s. This work validates the $^{238}$U FC design, which utilizes a parallel-plate detector geometry and borated polyethylene collimation to prioritize unscattered DD and DT fusion neutrons. Experimental testing with both DD and DT neutron generators corroborates vendor-specified efficiencies and demonstrates excellent detector linearity, with measured count rates showing good agreement with OpenMC neutronics simulations. Further characterization confirms the $^{238}$U FC's robustness against SPARC-relevant environmental challenges, including stray magnetic fields up to 14 mT and possible signal degradation risks associated with $\sim$30 m long cable runs. These results confirm that the $^{238}$U FC, supported by indirect neutron shielding as well as appropriate pulse height thresholds, provides a reliable solution for fusion power measurements as part of the SPARC neutron diagnostics suite.

physics.plasm-ph

Laser-intensity-spike-dominated hot electron generation from two-plasmon decay instability driven by moderate-bandwidth pulses

Our direct-drive-relevant experiments on the low-coherence Kunwu laser facility identify two-plasmon decay (TPD) as the primary source of hot electrons, and demonstrate for the first time that broadband laser pulses enhance TPD. Using particle-in-cell simulations, we attribute this TPD enhancement and the consequent hot electron production to stochastic intensity spikes inherent in broadband laser fields, robust in both weakly- and strongly-driven regimes. These findings suggest that mitigating hot electron generation requires suppressing these intensity spikes.

physics.plasm-ph

Constraints on axion-like particles from ultra-high-energy observations of M87 with the HAWC observatory

In this work, we perform an indirect search for axion-like particles (ALPs) through their hypothesized mixing with photons in the presence of magnetic fields. ALPs are a well-motivated dark-matter candidate class, and the photon-ALP conversion mechanism provides a unique channel to constrain their mass and coupling constant using very-high-energy gamma-ray observations. The photon-ALP mixing could alter the observed gamma-ray spectrum from extragalactic sources by effectively reducing the apparent attenuation due to extragalactic-background-light absorption. We analyze 7.5 years of data from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory, targeting the nearby radio galaxy M87. This source is located within the Virgo cluster and is an ideal environment for photon-ALP conversion due to its low redshift and the large-scale, strongly magnetized medium of the cluster. We find no evidence for a photon-ALP conversion signal and, consequently, set constraints on the ALP mass and photon-ALP coupling constant with emission from M87 which are consistent with previous results. Our analysis places competitive constraints on the ALP parameter space, defining an exclusion region in the mass range of approximately $10^{-8}$ to $10^{-6}$ eV for coupling constants above $5\times10^{-12}$ GeV$^{-1}$, complementing previous constraints from other gamma-ray observatories.

astro-ph.HE

Terminal Constraint Model Predictive Control for Image-Based Visual Servoing of UAVs with Kalman Filter-Based Moment Loss Compensation

Image-Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) provides an efficient vision-guided control paradigm for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by directly regulating image-space errors. However, conventional IBVS controllers are vulnerable to two critical issues: loss of closed-loop stability near the target due to input and state constraints, and control failure caused by intermittent loss of moment-based visual features under aggressive motion. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a terminal-constraint model predictive control (TC-MPC) framework for IBVS, integrated with a Kalman filter (KF)-based state-prediction mechanism. The TC-MPC explicitly incorporates terminal-state constraints and a terminal cost into the IBVS error dynamics, ensuring recursive feasibility, improved convergence behavior, and closed-loop stability under control and state constraints. In parallel, the Kalman filter predicts the temporal evolution of image moments during short-term visual degradation, enabling the controller to preserve control continuity when moment measurements are partially unavailable. The proposed approach is validated through real-time UAV visual servoing experiments.

cs.RO

Constraining the Photon Intensity of Extragalactic Background Light with the HAWC Observatory for the Blazar Mrk 421

The blazar Mrk 421 exhibits rapid variability over a wide range of timescales. Spectral differences have been observed during the different emission states of Mrk 421. During the high emission states, tests to constraint the Hubble constant and the photon intensity of Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) can be performed. The HAWC observatory provides an exceptionally long term monitoring of the source at TeV energies. We selected periods of high emission state and low emission state in data with total observation time of 2460 transits from the HAWC observatory using the All-sky Root around in an Unbiased way methodology. We report on evidence of a cutoff in the spectrum of Mrk 421 during high emission states. An Exponential Cutoff Power Law is preferred over a Simple Power Law at a $3.8\,\sigma$ level. In the Exponential Cutoff Power Law, the cutoff is found at $13\pm3~\text{TeV}$. Using this result, we provide upper limits on the specific intensity of EBL photons. Moreover, the value of the energy cutoff found in our analysis is different from the cutoff expected by the interaction of gamma-rays with EBL photons. This result indicates that the cutoff is intrinsic to the source.

astro-ph.HE

Multi-mode Photonic Time Crystals Based on Time-Modulated Metasurface Waveguides

Photonic time crystals are electromagnetic media with periodically time-varying parameters, enabling momentum band gaps, parametric amplification, and frequency conversion beyond what is possible in time-invariant systems. So far, they have been explored mainly in single-mode systems, which limits the range of accessible physical phenomena. Here, we introduce an impenetrable metasurface waveguide as a multimode time-varying platform supporting both guided surface modes and higher-order guided volume modes. We show that temporal modulation in this platform gives rise not only to conventional intramodal band gaps associated with same-branch coupling, but also to tilted intermodal band gaps originating from coupling between different guided-mode branches. Unlike intramodal band gaps, these intermodal band gaps are not restricted to half the modulation frequency and can enable directional wave amplification, where the amplified field carries energy along the waveguide even inside the band gap. We further show that the modulation phase difference provides an effective symmetry-control parameter: by exploiting temporal glide symmetry, one can selectively suppress or enhance gap opening for interactions between modes of the same or different symmetry. These results establish a versatile multimode platform for photonic time crystals, offering one of the simplest and most experimentally accessible routes to tilted band gaps compared with volumetric dispersive PTC implementations and, more broadly, opening new opportunities for time-varying electromagnetic systems.

physics.optics

TeV-scale neutrino cross-section measurement using upward through-going muons in Super-Kamiokande

Neutrinos provide a unique probe of both particle physics and the high-energy universe, traversing astronomical distances with minimal interaction. Their charged-current scattering cross section encodes fundamental information about weak interactions and nucleon structure across a vast energy range, yet measurements at TeV energies remain sparse. Here we report the first determination of the flux-averaged muon neutrino and anti-neutrino charged-current total cross section using high-energy atmospheric neutrinos observed in Super-Kamiokande. Using 3989 upward through-going muon events collected over 4269 days, together with a Bayesian fit to atmospheric flux and detector simulations, we measure the flux-averaged charged-current cross section in the 500-5000 GeV range to be $\sigma/E_\nu=(0.51\pm 0.11)\times 10^{-38}$ cm$^2$GeV$^{-1}$, with the highest precision to date in the TeV regime. Our results are consistent with accelerator-based measurements at lower energies and collider-based measurements at higher energies, bridging a critical gap between accelerator experiments and neutrino telescopes. This work demonstrates the capability of large underground detectors to perform precision cross-section measurements with atmospheric neutrinos, opening a new window for probing Standard Model physics and potential new physics searches at multi-TeV energies.

hep-ex

Synthetic model of gamma-ray emission during DT experiments on the SPARC tokamak

In thermonuclear plasmas, plasma ions undergoing nuclear reactions emit gamma-rays with energies in the MeV range. Their spectroscopy can convey much plasma information, such as the DT fusion power, the spatial and velocity distributions of the fast ions, and the plasma heating performance. In the present work, we simulate the gamma-ray emission expected in the SPARC tokamak during a primary reference discharge, when the tokamak is expected to generate $140$ MW of fusion power and reach an energy gain factor of $Q\approx11$. We focus particularly T(D, $\gamma$)He-5, B-10(He-4, p $\gamma$)C-13 and D(He-3, $\gamma$)Li-5 reactions. We use realistic plasma profiles calculated with the TRANSP code and simulate radiofrequency heating of the plasma with CQL3D and TORIC. Possible locations for gamma spectrometers based on lanthanum bromide inorganic scintillators are suggested. For each, the signal-to-noise ratio of gamma-rays over neutrons is evaluated using the ray-tracing code ToFu and high fidelity Monte Carlo models (MCNP and OpenMC) to solve radiation transport in SPARC. A dedicated neutron attenuator made of high density polyethylene is scoped to allow gamma-spectroscopy during high neutron yield experiments. And finally, the performance of LaBr$_3$ detectors in reconstructing the fusion power generated by SPARC is discussed.

physics.plasm-ph

Advances in photocathode development for PICOSEC Micromegas precise-timing detectors

The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector that combines a Cherenkov radiator, a~semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas amplification stage, targeting time resolutions of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles (MIPs). Initial single-pad prototypes achieved time resolutions of $\sigma<25$ ps, demonstrating strong potential for High Energy Physics (HEP) applications and beyond. The objective of this paper is a comprehensive characterisation of photocathodes, with a strong focus on robust materials while preserving excellent timing performance. The study includes laboratory measurements of optical and resistive properties, along with beam tests using 150 GeV/$c$ muons to evaluate the time resolution and photoelectron yield for various photocathodes. The best performance was obtained by a 5 nm Cesium Iodide (CsI) photocathode, reaching $\sigma = 10.9 \pm 0.3$ ps with more than 30 extracted photoelectrons, representing the most precise time resolution achieved by PICOSEC Micromegas to date. Metallic and carbon-based photocathodes, including Titanium (Ti), Boron Carbide (B$_4$C) and Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), were also tested, with Ti and B$_4$C emerging as the most promising alternatives, achieving $\sigma \approx 30$ ps with about 5 extracted photoelectrons. These results demonstrate that improved robustness can be achieved while maintaining excellent time resolution, supporting the feasibility of using the PICOSEC Micromegas concept in future experiments.

physics.ins-det

Search for proton decay via $p \to e^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ and $p \to \mu^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ in 0.401 megaton-years exposure of Super-Kamiokande I-V

We searched for proton decay via $p \to e^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ and $p \to \mu^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ in 0.401 megaton-years of data collected in all pure water detector phases of Super-Kamiokande (SK) I-V. A theoretical study predicts proton decay rates without assuming a particular grand unified theory and suggests that three-body proton decays involving two pions can have decay rates comparable to those of $p \to e^{+}\pi^{0}$ and $p \to \mu^{+}\pi^{0}$. This is the first search for proton decay into a charged anti-lepton and two neutral pions in SK. One data candidate event was found for each of the two decay modes, which is consistent with the expected atmospheric neutrino background. We set lower limits on the lifetime of $\tau/B(p \to e^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}) > 7.2 \times 10^{33}$ years and $\tau/B(p \to \mu^{+}\pi^{0}\pi^{0}) > 4.5 \times 10^{33}$ years at 90 $\%$ confidence level. These limits are more than one order of magnitude higher than those of the previous experiment.

hep-ex

Development of Faster and More Accurate Supernova Localization at Super-Kamiokande

The next nearby core-collapse supernova (SN) promises to yield a treasure of scientific information through multi-messenger astronomy. Early observations of the shock breakout (SBO) emissions are especially critical to understand the SN explosive mechanism as well as the properties of the progenitor star. Neutrino observatories are able to provide an early alert of a SN before the arrival of the SBO radiation. Super-Kamiokande (SK) has the unique capability to independently reconstruct an accurate SN pointing direction as part of its real-time monitoring system, ``SNWATCH.'' Recent upgrades to SK by adding gadolinium (Gd) to the detection volume have been accompanied by efforts to improve the speed and accuracy of SN direction reconstruction. A new, novel HEALPix-based approach (``HP-Fitter'') can calculate the SN direction from the reconstructed burst event directions in less than one second. As well, the previous maximum-likelihood direction fitter (``ML-Fitter'') was upgraded by incorporating event information from Gd neutron-capture as well as using the HP-Fitter for the initial fit parameters and from code refactoring and optimization. The improved ML-Fitter has better angular resolution but direction reconstruction time is $\mathcal{O}$(sec). Together with improvements in burst detection and event reconstruction times, SNWATCH is now able to generate an SN alert with pointing information in about 90 seconds. These upgrades have been implemented at SK and integrated into a new automated system to provide GCN notices.

astro-ph.HE

Timing performance of large prototype based on $\upmu$RWELL- PICOSEC detector technology with $10 \times 10\ \mathrm{cm}^{2}$ active area

The $\upmu$RWELL-PICOSEC detector, which combines a $\upmu$RWELL gaseous amplification structure with a Cherenkov radiator and photocathode, is a novel approach to acheive fast and precise timing in gaseous detectors. With timing precision at the level of tens of picoseconds, this technology is particularly suited for time-of-flight (TOF) applications in particle physics and potentially medical imaging. Beam tests with a 150~GeV/$c$ muon beam have been carried out on a large-area (10~$\times$~10~cm$^{2}$) prototype equipped with a cesium iodide (CsI) photocathode. Using an oscilloscope-based single-channel readout, timing measurements on two individual pads of the detector have yielded resolutions of $\approx$ 48 ps and $\approx$ 52 ps under different biasing conditions respectively.

physics.ins-det

Search for TeV emission from spider millisecond pulsars with HAWC

Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are observed to emit multi-wavelength radiation, from radio to GeV. Spider MSPs, which interact with their low-mass companion in close orbit (orbital periods $< 1$ day), may lead to strong intrabinary shocks that can further accelerate electron and positron pairs produced in the magnetosphere, possibly emitting very-high-energy (0.1--100 TeV; VHE) photons through inverse Compton scattering. Using 2565 days of HAWC Pass 5 data, we search for VHE emission from spider MSPs and present upper limits on individual sources. We also perform a stacking analysis to examine whether the two sets of spider systems, classified as redbacks and black widows depending on the companion mass, exhibit different spectral properties. Our study places constraints on TeV emission from MSPs and suggests that they are unlikely to contribute significantly to the Galactic diffuse emission at TeV and higher energies.

astro-ph.HE

Frequency Chirping of Energetic-Particle-Driven Geodesic Acoustic Modes in Tokamaks

A suprathermal population of ions is present in tokamak plasmas due to external heating mechanisms and fusion reactions. These energetic particles (EPs) can drive waves unstable, via inverse Landau damping. An example is the energetic-particle-induced geodesic acoustic mode (EGAMs). In this work, investigate the nonlinear dynamics of EGAMs by means of global gyrokinetic simulations with the particle-in-cell code ORB5. In particular, we study the nonlinear evolution of the frequency, known as "frequency chirping". To investigate the underlying phase-space dynamics, Phase Space Zonal Structure (PSZS) diagnostics are employed. By identifying the resonance energy from the phase-space distribution and reconstructing the corresponding mode frequency, an independent estimate of the frequency evolution is obtained. The reconstructed frequencies show good agreement with those extracted directly from continuous wavelet transform analysis of the electric-field signal, establishing a direct correspondence between observable frequency chirping and the nonlinear evolution of resonant energetic particles in phase space.

physics.plasm-ph

A Multi-messenger Search for Ultra-high-energy Gamma Rays in Coincidence with Neutrinos

The last five years have shown us that ultra-high-energy (UHE; $>$100 TeV) gamma-ray sources are ubiquitous, but the nature of these sources remain highly uncertain. UHE gamma rays can be produced via either leptonic (Inverse compton) or hadronic (pion decay) emission mechanisms. To decisively determine the emission mechanisms, multimessenger searches are essential. Neutrinos are of particular interest as they are only created via hadronic channels. In this work, we describe a metric to select high-quality UHE events from the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory. We use this metric to search for correlations between HAWC archival data and IceCube public neutrino alerts. 24 spatial coincidences are found, which is higher than the number of events expected by random chance. Therefore, we conclude that there are likely associations between HAWC gamma rays and IceCube neutrinos, but the angular resolutions of the two instruments prevent us from conclusively making any definitive associations between the coincidences and specific astrophysical sources. More sensitive detectors are needed.

astro-ph.HE