Geometric Spin-Orbit Coupling Resolves the Contradictory CISS Effect in Chiral Single Molecules
Some studies have reported clear chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in four classes of chiral single molecules with remarkable spin polarization. In contrast, a recent high-precision measurement involving nearly a thousand individual tests failed to detect significant CISS signals in the same molecular systems (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, \textbf{147}, 25043). These conflicting results cast doubt on whether CISS truly occurs in these chiral systems at the single-molecular level. To resolve this discrepancy, we develop a theoretical framework incorporating geometric spin-orbit coupling and environmental decoherence, enabling systematic study of the CISS in four chiral single molecules with distinct geometries and sizes. Our calculations show that the CISS effect is completely suppressed in both strong-coherence and strong-decoherence regimes, but becomes pronounced in the intermediate-decoherence regime, where observable spin polarization emerges. In the strong-coherence regime, both electron-electron interaction and electron-vibration coupling enhance the CISS effect: the former is more effective in large molecules, whereas the latter plays a more significant role in smaller ones. Increasing temperature further enhances spin polarization. The proposed mechanism unifies contradictory experimental observations and reveals how the CISS effect evolves from regular helical (helical symmetric) to irregular helical (point-symmetric or axially symmetric) chirality. This framework thus provides a basis for unifying CISS phenomena across single-molecule systems, regardless of their specific molecular configurations or symmetry classes.