Scheduling Jobs with Multiple Operational Modes and Tail Times
This study explores a scheduling challenge inspired by the production of programmable materials, such as advanced liquid crystal displays. In these systems, the final quality of a product is reached only after a resource-free maturation period, known as a "tail", during which the machine is available for processing other jobs. Each job can be executed in one of several operational modes, with each mode determining a specific combination of machine processing time and subsequent tail duration. The primary task is to simultaneously choose the best mode for every job and determine their processing order. We analyze this model across several key performance goals, including the total time required to finish all jobs, the synchronization of completion times (the gap between the earliest and latest finished products), and the total weighted completion time. Our findings provide a detailed classification of the computational complexity of these problems. We demonstrate that while traditional versions with only one mode per job are simple to solve using standard rules, the introduction of just two modes makes finding optimal solutions for most of these goals computationally difficult. When the number of available modes is large, the complexity increases significantly. However, we also identify specific scenarios that remain efficiently solvable, such as when the processing order is already determined or when the goal is to minimize the average completion time. These results offer theoretical clarity and practical strategies for optimizing complex manufacturing and chemical processes involving forced cooling or maturation stages.