arXiv subjects

Xiaodi Wu

Publications and source records attributed to Xiaodi Wu.

65 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2016

Quantum-Proof Extractors: Optimal up to Constant Factors

We give the first construction of a family of quantum-proof extractors that has optimal seed length dependence $O(\log(n/\varepsilon))$ on the input length $n$ and error $\varepsilon$. Our extractors support any min-entropy $k=Ω(\log{n} + \log^{1+α}(1/\varepsilon))$ and extract $m=(1-α)k$ bits that are $\varepsilon$-close to uniform, for any desired constant $α> 0$. Previous constructions had a quadratically worse seed length or were restricted to very large input min-entropy or very few output bits. Our result is based on a generic reduction showing that any strong classical condenser is automatically quantum-proof, with comparable parameters. The existence of such a reduction for extractors is a long-standing open question, here we give an affirmative answer for condensers. Once this reduction is established, to obtain our quantum-proof extractors one only needs to consider high entropy sources. We construct quantum-proof extractors with the desired parameters for such sources by extending a classical approach to extractor construction, based on the use of block-sources and sampling, to the quantum setting. Our extractors can be used to obtain improved protocols for device-independent randomness expansion and for privacy amplification.

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arXiv2015

Physical Randomness Extractors: Generating Random Numbers with Minimal Assumptions

How to generate provably true randomness with minimal assumptions? This question is important not only for the efficiency and the security of information processing, but also for understanding how extremely unpredictable events are possible in Nature. All current solutions require special structures in the initial source of randomness, or a certain independence relation among two or more sources. Both types of assumptions are impossible to test and difficult to guarantee in practice. Here we show how this fundamental limit can be circumvented by extractors that base security on the validity of physical laws and extract randomness from untrusted quantum devices. In conjunction with the recent work of Miller and Shi (arXiv:1402:0489), our physical randomness extractor uses just a single and general weak source, produces an arbitrarily long and near-uniform output, with a close-to-optimal error, secure against all-powerful quantum adversaries, and tolerating a constant level of implementation imprecision. The source necessarily needs to be unpredictable to the devices, but otherwise can even be known to the adversary. Our central technical contribution, the Equivalence Lemma, provides a general principle for proving composition security of untrusted-device protocols. It implies that unbounded randomness expansion can be achieved simply by cross-feeding any two expansion protocols. In particular, such an unbounded expansion can be made robust, which is known for the first time. Another significant implication is, it enables the secure randomness generation and key distribution using public randomness, such as that broadcast by NIST's Randomness Beacon. Our protocol also provides a method for refuting local hidden variable theories under a weak assumption on the available randomness for choosing the measurement settings.

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arXiv2015

Parallel repetition for entangled k-player games via fast quantum search

We present two parallel repetition theorems for the entangled value of multi-player, one-round free games (games where the inputs come from a product distribution). Our first theorem shows that for a $k$-player free game $G$ with entangled value $\mathrm{val}^*(G) = 1 - ε$, the $n$-fold repetition of $G$ has entangled value $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n})$ at most $(1 - ε^{3/2})^{Ω(n/sk^4)}$, where $s$ is the answer length of any player. In contrast, the best known parallel repetition theorem for the classical value of two-player free games is $\mathrm{val}(G^{\otimes n}) \leq (1 - ε^2)^{Ω(n/s)}$, due to Barak, et al. (RANDOM 2009). This suggests the possibility of a separation between the behavior of entangled and classical free games under parallel repetition. Our second theorem handles the broader class of free games $G$ where the players can output (possibly entangled) quantum states. For such games, the repeated entangled value is upper bounded by $(1 - ε^2)^{Ω(n/sk^2)}$. We also show that the dependence of the exponent on $k$ is necessary: we exhibit a $k$-player free game $G$ and $n \geq 1$ such that $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n}) \geq \mathrm{val}^*(G)^{n/k}$. Our analysis exploits the novel connection between communication protocols and quantum parallel repetition, first explored by Chailloux and Scarpa (ICALP 2014). We demonstrate that better communication protocols yield better parallel repetition theorems: our first theorem crucially uses a quantum search protocol by Aaronson and Ambainis, which gives a quadratic speed-up for distributed search problems. Finally, our results apply to a broader class of games than were previously considered before; in particular, we obtain the first parallel repetition theorem for entangled games involving more than two players, and for games involving quantum outputs.

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arXiv2015

Strong parallel repetition for free entangled games, with any number of players

We present a strong parallel repetition theorem for the entangled value of multi-player, one-round free games (games where the inputs come from a product distribution). Our result is the first parallel repetition theorem for entangled games involving more than two players. Furthermore, our theorem applies to games where the players are allowed to output (possibly entangled) quantum states as answers. More specifically, let $G$ be a $k$-player free game, with entangled value $\mathrm{val}^*(G) = 1 - ε$. We show that the entangled value of the $n$-fold repetition of $G$, $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n})$, is at most $(1 - ε)^{Ω(n/k^2)}$. In the traditional setting of $k=2$ players, our parallel repetition theorem is optimal in terms of its dependence on $ε$ and $n$. For an arbitrary number of players, our result is nearly optimal: for all $k$, we exhibit a $k$-player free game $G$ and $n > 1$ such that $\mathrm{val}^*(G^{\otimes n}) \geq \mathrm{val}^*(G)^{n/k}$. Hence, exponent of the repeated game value cannot be improved beyond $Ω(n/k)$. Our parallel repetition theorem improves on the prior results of [Jain, et al. 2014] and [Chailloux, Scarpa 2014] in a number of ways: (1) our theorem applies to a larger class of games (arbitrary number of players, quantum outputs); (2) we demonstrate that strong parallel repetition holds for the entangled value of free games: i.e., the base of the repeated game value is $1 - ε$, rather than $1 - ε^2$; and (3) there is no dependence of the repeated game value on the input and output alphabets of $G$. In contrast, it is known that the repeated game value of classical free games must depend on the output size. Thus our results demonstrate a seperation between the behavior of entangled games and classical games.

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arXiv2014

Multi-Source Randomness Extractors Against Quantum Side Information, and their Applications

We study the problem of constructing multi-source extractors in the quantum setting, which extract almost uniform random bits against quantum side information collected from several initially independent classical random sources. This is a natural generalization of seeded randomness extraction against quantum side information and classical independent source extraction. With new challenges such as potential entanglement in the side information, it is not a prior clear under what conditions do quantum multi-source extractors exist; the only previous work is [KK12], where the classical inner-product two-source extractors of [CG88] and [DEOR04] are shown to be quantum secure in the restricted Independent Adversary (IA) Model and entangled Bounded Storage (BS) Model. In this paper we propose a new model called General Entangled (GE) Adversary Model, which allows arbitrary entanglement in the side information and subsumes both the IA model and the BS model. We proceed to show how to construct GE-secure quantum multi-source extractors. To that end, we propose another model called One-sided Adversary (OA) Model, which is weaker than all the above models. Somewhat surprisingly, we establish equivalence between strong OA-security and strong GE-security. As a result, all classical multi-source extractors can either directly work, or be modified to work in the GE model at the cost of one extra random source. Thus, our constructions essentially match the best known constructions of classical multi-source extractors. We also apply our techniques to two important problems in cryptography and distributed computing --- privacy amplification and network extractor. We show that as long as the sources have certain amounts of conditional min-entropy in our GE model (even with entangled quantum side information), we can design very efficient privacy amplification protocols and network extractors.

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arXiv2012

Parallel approximation of min-max problems

This paper presents an efficient parallel approximation scheme for a new class of min-max problems. The algorithm is derived from the matrix multiplicative weights update method and can be used to find near-optimal strategies for competitive two-party classical or quantum interactions in which a referee exchanges any number of messages with one party followed by any number of additional messages with the other. It considerably extends the class of interactions which admit parallel solutions, demonstrating for the first time the existence of a parallel algorithm for an interaction in which one party reacts adaptively to the other. As a consequence, we prove that several competing-provers complexity classes collapse to PSPACE such as QRG(2), SQG and two new classes called DIP and DQIP. A special case of our result is a parallel approximation scheme for a specific class of semidefinite programs whose feasible region consists of lists of semidefinite matrices that satisfy a transcript-like consistency condition. Applied to this special case, our algorithm yields a direct polynomial-space simulation of multi-message quantum interactive proofs resulting in a first-principles proof of QIP=PSPACE.

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arXiv2011

Epsilon-net method for optimizations over separable states

We give algorithms for the optimization problem: $\max_ρ\ip{Q}ρ$, where $Q$ is a Hermitian matrix, and the variable $ρ$ is a bipartite {\em separable} quantum state. This problem lies at the heart of several problems in quantum computation and information, such as the complexity of QMA(2). While the problem is NP-hard, our algorithms are better than brute force for several instances of interest. In particular, they give PSPACE upper bounds on promise problems admitting a QMA(2) protocol in which the verifier performs only logarithmic number of elementary gate on both proofs, as well as the promise problem of deciding if a bipartite local Hamiltonian has large or small ground energy. For $Q\ge0$, our algorithm runs in time exponential in $\|Q\|_F$. While the existence of such an algorithm was first proved recently by Brand{ã}o, Christandl and Yard [{\em Proceedings of the 43rd annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computation}, 343--352, 2011], our algorithm is conceptually simpler.

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arXiv2011

Equilibrium Value Method for the Proof of QIP=PSPACE

We provide an alternative proof of \class{QIP}=\class{PSPACE} to the recent breakthrough result. Unlike solving some semidefinite programs that captures the computational power of quantum interactive proofs, our method starts with one \class{QIP}-Complete problem which computes the diamond norm between two admissible quantum channels. The key observation is that we can convert the computation of the diamond norm into the computation of some equilibrium value. The later problem, different from the former semidefinite programs, is of better form, easier to solve and could be interesting for its own sake. The multiplicative weight update method is also applied to solve the equilibrium value problem, however, in a relatively simpler way than the one in the original proof. As a direct byproduct, we also provide a NC algorithm to compute the diamond norm of a class of quantum channels. Furthermore, we provide a generalized form of equilibrium value problems that can be solved in the same way as well as comparisons to semidefinite programs.

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arXiv2010

Parallelized Solution to Semidefinite Programmings in Quantum Complexity Theory

In this paper we present an equilibrium value based framework for solving SDPs via the multiplicative weight update method which is different from the one in Kale's thesis \cite{Kale07}. One of the main advantages of the new framework is that we can guarantee the convertibility from approximate to exact feasibility in a much more general class of SDPs than previous result. Another advantage is the design of the oracle which is necessary for applying the multiplicative weight update method is much simplified in general cases. This leads to an alternative and easier solutions to the SDPs used in the previous results \class{QIP(2)}$\subseteq$\class{PSPACE} \cite{JainUW09} and \class{QMAM}=\class{PSPACE} \cite{JainJUW09}. Furthermore, we provide a generic form of SDPs which can be solved in the similar way. By parallelizing every step in our solution, we are able to solve a class of SDPs in \class{NC}. Although our motivation is from quantum computing, our result will also apply directly to any SDP which satisfies our conditions. In addition to the new framework for solving SDPs, we also provide a novel framework which improves the range of equilibrium value problems that can be solved via the multiplicative weight update method. Before this work we are only able to calculate the equilibrium value where one of the two convex sets needs to be the set of density operators. Our work demonstrates that in the case when one set is the set of density operators with further linear constraints, we are still able to approximate the equilibrium value to high precision via the multiplicative weight update method.

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arXiv2009

Non-Identity Check Remains QMA-Complete for Short Circuits

The Non-Identity Check problem asks whether a given a quantum circuit is far away from the identity or not. It is well known that this problem is QMA-Complete \cite{JWB05}. In this note, it is shown that the Non-Identity Check problem remains QMA-Complete for circuits of short depth. Specifically, we prove that for constant depth quantum circuit in which each gate is given to at least $Ω(\log n)$ bits of precision, the Non-Identity Check problem is QMA-Complete. It also follows that the hardness of the problem remains for polylogarithmic depth circuit consisting of only gates from any universal gate set and for logarithmic depth circuit using some specific universal gate set.

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arXiv2008

Exact Quantum Search by Parallel Unitary Discrimination Schemes

We study the unsorted database search problem with items $N$ from the viewpoint of unitary discrimination. Instead of considering the famous $O(\sqrt{N})$ Grover's the bounded-error algorithm for the original problem, we seek for the results about the exact algorithms, i.e. the ones succeed with certainty. Under the standard oracle model $\sum_j (-1)^{δ_{τj}}|j>< j|$, we demonstrate a tight lower bound ${2/3}N+o(N)$ of the number of queries for any parallel scheme with unentangled input states. With the assistance of entanglement, we obtain a general lower bound ${1/2}(N-\sqrt{N})$. We provide concrete examples to illustrate our results. In particular, we show that the case of N=6 can be solved exactly with only two queries by using a bipartite entangled input state. Our results indicate that in the standard oracle model the complexity of exact quantum search with one unique solution can be strictly less than that of the calculation of OR function.

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