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Xiaosheng Huang

Publications and source records attributed to Xiaosheng Huang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

HST imaging, pipeline modeling, and time-delay predictions of 2 triply-imaged and 15 quadruply-imaged lensed quasars

The Hubble tension remains a significant challenge in modern cosmology, exhibiting a discrepancy between early-Universe cosmic microwave background measurements and local distance ladder observations. Strong lensing time-delay cosmography provides an independent, geometric probe of $H_0$ that can help resolve this discrepancy. Although hundreds of lensed quasars have been discovered, only a handful have been analyzed due to the resource-intensive follow-up required to measure precise time delays and break degeneracies. We present uniform gravitational lens modeling of 17 recently discovered lensed quasar systems (2 triply-imaged and 15 quadruply-imaged) to identify and prioritize the most promising candidates for future cosmological study. Using high-resolution near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/IR F160W imaging (PID: 17916, PI: T. Treu), we perform uniform pipeline modeling with Lenstronomy. We constrain the mass and light profiles of the deflector galaxies, and assuming a fiducial cosmology, we predict their Fermat potential differences and expected time delays. Our pipeline successfully yields models and time-delay predictions for all 17 systems. Assuming ideal monitoring conditions, we estimate the total contribution from time-delay and Fermat potential modeling errors to the time-delay distance. From this, we classify the systems by estimated time-delay distance uncertainties: six "excellent" ($\leq 3\%$), five "good" ($3\%$-$7\%$), three "suitable" ($7\%$-$12\%$), and three "impractical" ($>12\%$). We recommend prioritizing follow-up campaigns on the 11 "excellent" and "good" systems, which have the potential to deliver high-precision, independent constraints on $H_0$ to help resolve the Hubble tension.

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The Carousel Lens I: A Spectroscopic Survey of the Carousel Lens Field

We present a spectroscopic survey of field galaxies and lensed sources in the vicinity of the strong lensing galaxy cluster known as the Carousel lens at z=0.49. Using both Gemini/GMOS slitmask spectra and deep VLT/MUSE observations, we bring the total number of lensed sources up to 12, including three which were not previously known from imaging observations but are apparent in the MUSE data as emission-line sources. Of these sources, 10 have confident redshifts, and an additional 2 have tentative redshifts from likely Ly$α$ emission (including seven new redshifts determined here adding to those presented previously in \cite{Sheu.Cikota.ea2024}). In total, we identify 42 images of these 12 sources. This lens system is remarkably symmetric and well-modeled by a simpler lens model than typical cluster lenses, and the large number of sources and their large range of redshifts make this cluster ideal for constraining cosmological parameters such as $w$ and $Ω_m$ as well as the cluster density profile. Additionally, we present a catalog of 57 unlensed field galaxies with confident redshifts, of which 49 are associated with the cluster. We measure a cluster velocity dispersion of about 1100 km s$^{-1}$ from which we estimate a halo mass $M_{200c} \sim 1.2 \times 10^{15} M_\odot$.

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XShooter DESI Lens Program: Sample characterization

Large imaging surveys in cosmology are detecting orders of magnitude more lens systems than known so far. This unprecedented dataset will lead to robust constraints on cosmology and galaxy evolution models. However, a preliminary careful characterization of the lens and source samples are mandatory. In this work, we report on a VLT/XShooter observation program of 67 lens systems to characterize their spectroscopic redshift distribution. These systems were previously detected on the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Imaging Surveys by Huang et al. 2021 and Storfer et al. 2022 with deep residual neural network. We manage to measure redshifts for 58 lenses and 57 sources. We also identify 2 sources with indication of outflow in the shape of the emission lines and 7 sources with rotating disks in $[OII]$ or $Hα$. We find no particular bias associated to the redshift measurement operation, meaning that our measured source redshift distribution is likely representative of the true one and can be used to calibrate analyses in large imaging surveys.

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GIGA-Lens 2.0: Strong-Lens Modeling on Multiple GPU Nodes

We present GIGA-Lens 2.0: a major upgrade to the GPU-accelerated Bayesian framework for modeling strong lensing systems that allows it to be run across multiple GPU nodes. We have succeeded in running GIGA-Lens 2.0 on 128 nodes or 512 A100 GPUs. We demonstrate the speed benefits of this new version, and apply them to modeling 100 simulated systems and a real system, DESI J238.5690+04.7276. We also present other changes to the framework that have yielded further improvement on performance.

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DESI Strong Lens Foundry IV: Spectroscopic Confirmation of DESI Lens Candidates with VLT/MUSE

We present integral field spectroscopic observations of 76 strong gravitational lens candidates identified with a residual neural network in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, obtained with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the ESO's Very Large Telescope. These observations are part of an ongoing effort to build a large, spectroscopically confirmed sample of strong lensing systems for studies on dark matter, galaxy structure, and cosmology. Our MUSE program targets both lens and source redshifts, with particular emphasis on southern hemisphere systems. MUSE's wide spectral coverage and integral field capability allow for efficient identification of multiple sources, lens environments, and weak spectral features. Redshifts for lenses and sources were obtained via manual identification of spectral features in extracted 1D spectra. Our dataset includes systems with complex configurations, such as multiple source planes and group or cluster-scale environments. We extracted and analyzed 223 spectra, successfully determining both the lens and the source redshifts for 55 gravitational lens systems. For an additional 15 targets, we measured the redshifts of the lenses but were unable to determine the redshifts of the background sources. Six targets were confirmed to not be gravitational lenses. The results presented here complement space-based imaging from our HST SNAPshot program and spectroscopic follow-up with DESI and Keck, and have lasting legacy value for identifying interesting high redshift sources and complex lensing configurations.

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SN 2025adpq: A Type Ia supernova in a collisional ring formed during a major galaxy merger

Galaxy mergers can both trigger star formation and rearrange where stars live, producing long-lived tidal structures and collisionally driven density waves (known as collisional rings) that can extend for tens of kpc from their host galaxy centers. Here we report the discovery of SN 2025adpq, a Type Ia supernova at $z=0.1540$, found within a collisional ring, which we call Pika's Halo, with circumference $\sim$\,70 kpc that was produced by a major merger between two comparable mass galaxies ($\log(M_*/M_\odot)\approx10.5)$. The supernova lies along the ring at a projected offset of $\sim$11.4 kpc from the nucleus of the primary galaxy (hereafter G1). Optical spectroscopy obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) and Gemini South reveal signatures consistent with merger induced ongoing star formation, while prominent Calcium H and K absorption indicates a substantial old stellar population within the ring. Therefore, we propose that SN 2025adpq may have been produced by an old progenitor system that was displaced from G1 during the head-on encounter. In this scenario, the progenitor was stripped from its parent galaxy by the collisionally induced pressure wave and exploded far from its birthplace. However, given the broad diversity in SN Ia delay times, we cannot conclusively demonstrate that the progenitor was not formed in a more recent burst of star formation triggered by the expanding pressure wave. Regardless, SN 2025adpq highlights collisional rings as a path to large offset SNe Ia, and it motivates targeted searches for faint, dynamically displaced old populations in seemingly hostless environments. We additionally identify other supernovae, including supernova siblings, in the low redshift sample of collisional ring galaxies, and find that SN 2025adpq is one of only a handful of classified supernova identified in the expanding ring of a collisional ring complex.

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Gravitational Lenses in UNIONS and Euclid (GLUE) I: A Search for Strong Gravitational Lenses in UNIONS with Subaru, CFHT, and Pan-STARRS Data

We present the results of our pipeline for discovering strong gravitational lenses in the ongoing Ultraviolet Near-Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS). We successfully train the deep residual neural network (ResNet) based on CMU-Deeplens architecture, which is designed to detect strong lenses in ground-based imaging surveys. We train on images of real strong lenses and deploy on a sample of 8 million galaxies in areas with full coverage in the g, r, and i filters, the first multi-band search for strong gravitational lenses in UNIONS. Following human inspection and grading, we report the discovery of a total of 1346 new strong lens candidates of which 146 are grade A, 199 grade B, and 1001 grade C. Of these candidates, 283 have lens-galaxy spectroscopic redshifts from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and an additional 297 from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 (DR1). We find 15 of these systems display evidence of both lens and source galaxy redshifts in spectral superposition. We additionally report the spectroscopic confirmation of seven lensed sources in highquality systems, all with z > 2.1, using the Keck Near-Infrared Echelle Spectrograph (NIRES) and Gemini Near-Infrared Spectrograph (GNIRS).

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Finding Strongly Lensed Supernovae from Blended Light Curves

We present a model-independent, photometry-only framework for identifying strongly lensed supernovae when multiple images are unresolved and blended into a single point source. Building on the simulation-based methodology of Bag et al. (2021), we apply this approach to real Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) data using a validation sample of spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae. The method models the observed flux as a superposition of two time-shifted components, and Bayesian inference is used to estimate the relative scaling and time delay. Applying this framework to 445 well-converged supernovae, we find that only a single object satisfies the selection criteria when adopting a conservative threshold of $Δt \ge 12$ days, corresponding to a false positive fraction of $1/445 \approx 0.22\%$. A laxer threshold of $Δt \ge 10$ days yields fourteen objects, for a false positive fraction of $3.15\%$. The method provides a scalable and model-independent first-stage filter for identifying lens-like candidates in large time-domain surveys such as the Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).

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DESI Strong Lens Foundry III: Keck Spectroscopy for Strong Lenses Discovered Using Residual Neural Networks

We present spectroscopic data of strong lenses and their source galaxies using the Keck Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer (NIRES) and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), providing redshifts necessary for nearly all strong-lensing applications with these systems, especially the extraction of physical parameters from lensing modeling. These strong lenses were found in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys using Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) and followed up by our Hubble Space Telescope program, with all systems displaying unambiguous lensed arcs. With NIRES, we target eight lensed sources at redshifts difficult to measure in the optical range and determine the source redshifts for six, between $z_s$ = 1.675 and 3.332. DESI observed one of the remaining source redshifts, as well as an additional source redshift within the six systems. The two systems with non-detections by NIRES were observed for a considerably shorter 600s at high airmass. Combining NIRES infrared spectroscopy with optical spectroscopy from our DESI Strong Lensing Secondary Target Program, these results provide the complete lens and source redshifts for six systems, a resource for refining automated strong lens searches in future deep- and wide-field imaging surveys and addressing a range of questions in astrophysics and cosmology.

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Supernova 2025wny: High-angular resolution Keck/NIRC2 observations and preliminary lens modeling

Multiply imaged, gravitationally lensed supernovae are rare but powerful tools for providing independent measurements on cosmological parameters. Supernova (SN) 2025wny ("SN Winny") is the first gravitationally-lensed Type I superluminous supernova and the first lensed supernova in a galaxy-scale system that is suitable for time-delay cosmography studies. In this work, we present high-resolution $K_p$-band adaptive optics imaging of SN Winny obtained with the near-infrared camera (NIRC2) on the W. M. Keck II telescope. With exquisite image quality (FWHM$\approx0.^{\prime\prime}065$) we determine and make use of the precise astrometric positions of the five multiple images as constraints for our lens mass models. With lenstronomy and Glee, we parameterize the total mass of the system with a singular isothermal ellipsoid, a singular isothermal sphere, and external shear. The two independent models are in excellent agreement and reproduce the observed image positions with sub-milli-arcsecond residuals. The inferred projected total masses enclosed within the Einstein radii of the primary and secondary lens galaxies are M$_1$ = 4.44$^{+0.06}_{-0.05}\times10^{11} M_\odot$ and M$_2$ = 0.96$^{+0.02}_{-0.02}\times10^{11} M_\odot$, respectively. Likewise, the inferred effective velocity dispersion of the primary lens is $σ_{1} = $ 277.4$^{+0.9}_{-0.7}$ km/s, consistent with the independent spectroscopic measurement made by DESI of $σ_{\star,1} = $ 298$\,\pm\,37$ km/s. Our modeling results are also consistent with previous results for the same system with data from the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), using the same lens modeling codes. We also corroborate their finding that the SN multiple image A has an anomalous excess of flux by a factor of ~2-3 beyond what our smooth mass models predict.

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Confirming lensed-quasar candidates with DESI and P200 spectroscopy I. 14 lensed quasars and 8 lensed galaxies

Lensed quasars are powerful probes of cosmology, the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies, and the distribution of dark matter. We cross-match 1,724 previously identified candidates from KiDS, HSC, and the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (DESI-LS) with DESI DR1, obtaining 937 DESI spectra for 677 unique systems. Combining DESI spectroscopy with observations from the Palomar 200-inch Double Spectrograph (P200/DBSP), we confirm two lensed quasars with source redshifts $z_s={1.93,3.23}$ and Einstein radii $θ_{\rm E}={0.39,1.07}$ arcsec, respectively. We further identify 12 likely lensed quasars that are well reproduced by a simple SIE model, exhibit lens galaxies in the image modeling, and have at least one available spectrum; across these, $θ_{\rm E}$ spans $045$-$2.34$ arcsec and $z_s$ spans $1.13$-$2.88$. In 9 of the 12 cases, the systems already satisfy our lensing criteria except that only one quasar image currently has a spectrum; obtaining a second spectrum for the other image would enable immediate confirmation. Moreover, we report eight new static strong lenses spanning galaxy- to group- scale lenses. These results provide valuable targets for follow-up studies and underscore the efficiency of wide-field spectroscopic surveys such as DESI in confirming gravitationally lensed quasars and galaxies.

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The DESI Single Fiber Lens Search. I. Four Thousand Spectroscopically Selected Galaxy-Galaxy Gravitational Lens Candidates

We present 4,110 strong gravitational lens candidates, 3,887 of which are new discoveries, selected from a sample of 5,837,154 luminous red galaxies (LRGs) observed with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Candidates are identified via the presence of background ionized oxygen [O II] nebular emission lines in the foreground LRG spectra which may originate from the lensing of higher redshift star-forming galaxies. Using the measured foreground redshift, background redshift, and integrated flux of the background [O II] doublet, we integrate over impact parameters to compute the probability that each candidate is a lens. We expect 53% of candidates to be true lenses with Einstein radii ranging from 0.1'' to 4'', which can be confirmed with high-resolution imaging. Confirmed strong lenses from this sample will form a valuable cosmological dataset, as strong gravitational lensing is the only method to directly measure dark matter halo substructure at cosmological distances. We independently recover the host of the multiply imaged gravitationally lensed type Ia supernova iPTF16geu. Monitoring these lenses for future multiply lensed transients will enable (a) H0 measurements via time-delay cosmography and (b) substructure measurements via flux ratios.

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The Carousel Lens II: Cosmological Constraints with GIGA-Lens

The nature of dark matter and dark energy are among the central questions in cosmology. Strong gravitational lenses with multiple source planes provide a geometric probe of cosmology: the ratio of deflection angles at different redshifts depends only on angular-diameter distances, constraining the matter density $Ω_m$ and the dark energy equation of state $w$. However, constraints from this technique have historically lagged behind those from the CMB, SNe Ia, and BAO. In this work, we present new cosmological constraints from the Carousel Lens, a cluster-scale lens with more than 40 extended images from 11 spectroscopically confirmed sources. Its relaxed core and rich set of extended images behind the main halo make it particularly suitable for cosmological inference. Using the GIGA-Lens pipeline, we construct a pixel-level lens model including six HST-detected sources and four mass components. From this model, we obtain $w$CDM constraints of $Ω_m = 0.34^{+0.16}_{-0.13}$ and $w = -1.31^{+0.35}_{-0.32}$ from the Carousel Lens alone, accounting for both statistical and systematic uncertainties. We further project that including four additional known higher-redshift sources, assuming similar fractional uncertainties, could improve the constraining power by ~80%, bringing the precision close to that of the CMB and SNe Ia. For an evolving dark energy model ($w_0w_a$CDM), the Carousel Lens alone yields constraints comparable to the CMB, providing an independent and complementary probe alongside SN Ia and BAO. While currently systematic uncertainties dominate, which we quantify through simulations, our results demonstrate that relaxed multi-source-plane cluster lenses can deliver competitive cosmological constraints. Further improvements are expected from reductions in systematics and from incorporating higher-redshift sources (known and new) with high-resolution imaging.

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A Path to an All-Sky Survey with Roman

A deep, space-based, all-sky near-infrared survey carried out with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope would constitute a foundational astronomical infrastructure for decades to come. In this white paper, we present a concrete and feasible path to imaging the entire sky at $\sim0.1''$ resolution, beginning with high-impact fields in Cycle 1 and scaling to ultra-wide coverage within the nominal mission. This first-epoch survey will reach $\mathrm{H}\sim25.5$ AB mag (5$σ$) and maximize synergies with contemporaneous observatories, while preserving substantial time for other ambitious Roman programs. We outline representative scheduling scenarios and an example Cycle 1 program that triples early Roman-LSST overlap and delivers high-value community data products such as LSST forced photometry, joint \textit{Gaia}-Roman astrometry, and catalogs of Galactic substructure, stong lenses, and other rare systems. The Cycle 1 program will lay the foundation for an eventual all-sky survey, while also delivering high-impact early science. We invite broad community participation in shaping and carrying out both the initial program and the long-term vision of an all-sky Roman survey.

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A Novel Lensed Point Source Modeling Pipeline using GIGA-Lens with Application to SN Zwicky and SN iPTF16geu

We introduce a novel modeling pipeline for strongly lensed point sources, using the GIGA-Lens framework, running on four A100 GPUs via the JAX platform. Using simulations, we demonstrate accurate and precise recovery of image positions, fluxes, and time delays, together with inference of complex lens mass distributions -- including the mass density slope, $γ$ -- from images of lensed point sources alone. We further show that we can achieve statistical uncertainty of $\sim 3.6\%$ ($\sim 2.5\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}/Mpc}$) on $H_0$ from a single system, with full forward modeling, i.e., simultaneous inference of all lens model parameters together with $H_0$. We apply our pipeline to two well-studied lensed SNe Ia, Zwicky and iPTF16geu. For SN iPTF16geu, unlike previous modeling efforts, we model only the images of the lensed point source (the SN) and do not use the lensed images of the extended host-galaxy. Nevertheless, we are able to infer all of the mass parameters modeled in earlier studies, and our best-fit values, including $γ$, are fully consistent with published results. In the case of SN Zwicky, taking the same approach, however, we obtain an alternative best-fit model compared to published results, underscoring the importance of fully exploring the model parameter space.

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DESI Strong Lens Foundry V: A Sample of HST-Observed Strong Lenses Modeled with GIGA-Lens

We present six galaxy-scale strong lenses with HST imaging modeled using GIGA-Lens. This is Paper V of the DESI Strong Lens Foundry series. These systems were discovered in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys using ML/AI methods and confirmed with DESI, Keck/NIRES, and VLT/MUSE spectroscopy. They span $z_d = 0.39 - 1.1$ and $z_s = 1.4 - 3.3$. This is the first HST strong lens sample modeled with full forward modeling -- all lens and source parameters sampled simultaneously in a single inference -- with explicit convergence validation using both $\widehat{R}$ and effective sample size (ESS) for each system. All inferred parameters satisfy $\widehat{R} < 1.1$ and ${\rm ESS} \gtrsim 10,000$, demonstrating that GIGA-Lens achieves statistically robust inference even for some of the most complex galaxy-scale lenses known. These results pave the way for scaling to much larger, high-resolution strong lens samples from HST, Euclid, JWST, and Roman. Convergence-validated modeling will be critical for key science goals, including constraining the mass-density profile of galaxies, detecting low-mass dark matter (sub)halos, and delivering precise and accurate cosmological constraints.

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DESI Strong Lens Foundry II: DESI Spectroscopy for Strong Lens Candidates

We present the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Strong Lensing Secondary Target Program. This is a spectroscopic follow-up program for strong gravitational lens candidates found in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys footprint. Spectroscopic redshifts for the lenses and lensed source are crucial for lens modeling to obtain physical parameters. The spectroscopic catalog in this paper consists of 73 candidate systems from the DESI Early Data Release (EDR). We have confirmed 20 strong lensing systems and determined four to not be lenses. For the remaining systems, more spectroscopic data from ongoing and future observations will be presented in future publications. We discuss the implications of our results for lens searches with neural networks in existing and future imaging surveys as well as for lens modeling. This Strong Lensing Secondary Target Program is part of the DESI Strong Lens Foundry project, and this is Paper II of a series on this project.

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A New Way to Discover Strong Gravitational Lenses: Pair-wise Spectroscopic Search from DESI DR1

We present a new method to search for strong gravitational lensing systems by pairing spectra that are close together on the sky in a spectroscopic survey. We visually inspect 26,621 spectra in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Data Release 1 that are selected in this way. We further inspect the 11,848 images corresponding to these spectra in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys Data Release 10, and obtain 2046 conventional strong gravitational lens candidates, of which 1906 are new. This constitutes the largest sample of lens candidates identified to date in spectroscopic data. Besides the conventional candidates, we identify a new class of systems that we term "dimple lenses". These systems have a low-mass foreground galaxy as a lens, typically smaller in angular extent and fainter compared with the lensed background source galaxy, producing subtle surface brightness indentations in the latter. We report the discovery of 318 of these "dimple-lens" candidates. We suspect that these represent dwarf galaxy lensing. With follow-up observations, they could offer a new avenue to test the cold dark matter model by probing their mass profiles, stellar mass-halo mass relation, and halo mass function for $M_{\textrm{Halo}} \lesssim 10^{13}\,M_\odot$. Thus, in total, we report 2164 new lens candidates. Our method demonstrates the power of pairwise spectroscopic analysis and provides a pathway complementary to imaging-based and single-spectrum lens searches.

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