arXiv subjects

Xiaoya Fan

Publications and source records attributed to Xiaoya Fan.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

AgroTools: A Benchmark for Tool-Augmented Multimodal Agents in Agriculture

Agricultural decision-making increasingly requires multimodal systems that can transform visual observations into reliable, executable actions. However, existing agricultural multimodal benchmarks mainly evaluate final-answer correctness and provide limited support for assessing whether models can use external tools to complete precision-sensitive workflows. In this paper, we introduce AgroTools, a benchmark for evaluating tool-augmented multimodal agents in agriculture. AgroTools contains 539 question-answer instances paired with 1,097 heterogeneous agricultural images, spanning five task families and an executable environment of 14 agricultural tools. Each query is annotated with structured tool-use traces, enabling a dual-view evaluation of both process-level execution quality and outcome-level task success. We benchmark 9 open-source and 4 closed-source multimodal large language models on AgroTools. Results show that current models remain far from reliable in agricultural tool-use settings, with clear bottlenecks in tool planning, argument generation, execution recovery, and final-answer synthesis. We hope AgroTools will support future research on multimodal agents for high-precision agricultural applications. The benchmark and evaluation are available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/AgroTools/AgroTools.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2026

Beyond RGB: Benchmarking and Enhancing MLLMs for Hyperspectral Image Understanding via Training-Free Reasoning Framework

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on RGB image understanding, yet their ability to use spectral evidence beyond the visible range remains largely unexplored. Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) provides dense spectral measurements that reveal material and environmental cues unavailable in RGB, but current MLLMs cannot directly ingest high-dimensional HSI. To study this gap, we introduce HM-Bench, an evidence-grounded benchmark for hyperspectral image understanding with MLLMs. HM-Bench contains 19,337 question--answer pairs from 2,178 hyperspectral samples across 13 task categories, covering general perception, spectral reasoning, and spatial--spectral reasoning. To make HSI accessible to the native image--text interfaces of existing MLLMs, we further propose VSR$^{2}, a training-free Visual--Spectral--Report Reasoning framework. VSR^{2} represents each HSI sample with three aligned views: an RGB image for visual semantics and spatial context, a PCA-based image for dominant spectral variation, and a structured report for quantitative spectral--spatial evidence. Under a controlled RGB-only versus VSR^{2} evaluation protocol, experiments on 17 representative MLLMs show that HSI information improves average accuracy from 38.26% to 40.35%, with gains varying substantially across models and task categories. These results indicate that HSI information (beyond RGB) is useful for current MLLMs, while robust hyperspectral reasoning remains an open challenge.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

AgroCoT: A Chain-of-Thought Benchmark for Evaluating Reasoning in Vision-Language Models for Agriculture

Recent advancements in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have significantly impacted various industries. In agriculture, these multimodal capabilities hold great promise for applications such as precision farming, crop monitoring, pest detection, and environmental sustainability. However, while several Visual Question Answering (VQA) datasets and benchmarks have been developed to assess VLM performance, they often fail to effectively evaluate the critical reasoning and problem-solving skills needed in complex agricultural contexts. To address this gap, we introduce AgroCoT, a VQA dataset that integrates Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, specifically designed to evaluate the reasoning capabilities of VLMs. With 4,759 carefully curated samples, AgroCoT provides a comprehensive and robust evaluation of reasoning abilities, particularly in zero-shot scenarios, focusing on the models' ability to engage in logical reasoning and effective problem-solving. Our evaluation of 30 representative VLMs, including both proprietary and open-source models, reveals a gap in their reasoning capabilities, which underscores the importance of incorporating CoT for assessments. Our dataset is available at https://huggingface.co/datasets/AgroCoT/AgroCoT.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2024

Estimating unknown parameters in differential equations with a reinforcement learning based PSO method

Differential equations offer a foundational yet powerful framework for modeling interactions within complex dynamic systems and are widely applied across numerous scientific fields. One common challenge in this area is estimating the unknown parameters of these dynamic relationships. However, traditional numerical optimization methods rely on the selection of initial parameter values, making them prone to local optima. Meanwhile, deep learning and Bayesian methods require training models on specific differential equations, resulting in poor versatility. This paper reformulates the parameter estimation problem of differential equations as an optimization problem by introducing the concept of particles from the particle swarm optimization algorithm. Building on reinforcement learning-based particle swarm optimization (RLLPSO), this paper proposes a novel method, DERLPSO, for estimating unknown parameters of differential equations. We compared its performance on three typical ordinary differential equations with the state-of-the-art methods, including the RLLPSO algorithm, traditional numerical methods, deep learning approaches, and Bayesian methods. The experimental results demonstrate that our DERLPSO consistently outperforms other methods in terms of performance, achieving an average Mean Square Error of 1.13e-05, which reduces the error by approximately 4 orders of magnitude compared to other methods. Apart from ordinary differential equations, our DERLPSO also show great promise for estimating unknown parameters of partial differential equations. The DERLPSO method proposed in this paper has high accuracy, is independent of initial parameter values, and possesses strong versatility and stability. This work provides new insights into unknown parameter estimation for differential equations.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Why Perturbing Symbolic Music is Necessary: Fitting the Distribution of Never-used Notes through a Joint Probabilistic Diffusion Model

Existing music generation models are mostly language-based, neglecting the frequency continuity property of notes, resulting in inadequate fitting of rare or never-used notes and thus reducing the diversity of generated samples. We argue that the distribution of notes can be modeled by translational invariance and periodicity, especially using diffusion models to generalize notes by injecting frequency-domain Gaussian noise. However, due to the low-density nature of music symbols, estimating the distribution of notes latent in the high-density solution space poses significant challenges. To address this problem, we introduce the Music-Diff architecture, which fits a joint distribution of notes and accompanying semantic information to generate symbolic music conditionally. We first enhance the fragmentation module for extracting semantics by using event-based notations and the structural similarity index, thereby preventing boundary blurring. As a prerequisite for multivariate perturbation, we introduce a joint pre-training method to construct the progressions between notes and musical semantics while avoiding direct modeling of low-density notes. Finally, we recover the perturbed notes by a multi-branch denoiser that fits multiple noise objectives via Pareto optimization. Our experiments suggest that in contrast to language models, joint probability diffusion models perturbing at both note and semantic levels can provide more sample diversity and compositional regularity. The case study highlights the rhythmic advantages of our model over language- and DDPMs-based models by analyzing the hierarchical structure expressed in the self-similarity metrics.

cs.SD↗

arXiv2023

More Perspectives Mean Better: Underwater Target Recognition and Localization with Multimodal Data via Symbiotic Transformer and Multiview Regression

Underwater acoustic target recognition (UATR) and localization (UATL) play important roles in marine exploration. The highly noisy acoustic signal and time-frequency interference among various sources pose big challenges to this task. To tackle these issues, we propose a multimodal approach to extract and fuse audio-visual-textual information to recognize and localize underwater targets through the designed Symbiotic Transformer (Symb-Trans) and Multi-View Regression (MVR) method. The multimodal data were first preprocessed by a custom-designed HetNorm module to normalize the multi-source data in a common feature space. The Symb-Trans module embeds audiovisual features by co-training the preprocessed multimodal features through parallel branches and a content encoder with cross-attention. The audiovisual features are then used for underwater target recognition. Meanwhile, the text embedding combined with the audiovisual features is fed to an MVR module to predict the localization of the underwater targets through multi-view clustering and multiple regression. Since no off-the-shell multimodal dataset is available for UATR and UATL, we combined multiple public datasets, consisting of acoustic, and/or visual, and/or textural data, to obtain audio-visual-textual triplets for model training and validation. Experiments show that our model outperforms comparative methods in 91.7% (11 out of 12 metrics) and 100% (4 metrics) of the quantitative metrics for the recognition and localization tasks, respectively. In a case study, we demonstrate the advantages of multi-view models in establishing sample discriminability through visualization methods. For UATL, the proposed MVR method produces the relation graphs, which allow predictions based on records of underwater targets with similar conditions.

cs.SD↗

arXiv2022

The Power of Fragmentation: A Hierarchical Transformer Model for Structural Segmentation in Symbolic Music Generation

Symbolic Music Generation relies on the contextual representation capabilities of the generative model, where the most prevalent approach is the Transformer-based model. The learning of musical context is also related to the structural elements in music, i.e. intro, verse, and chorus, which are currently overlooked by the research community. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical Transformer model to learn multi-scale contexts in music. In the encoding phase, we first designed a Fragment Scope Localization layer to syncopate the music into chords and sections. Then, we use a multi-scale attention mechanism to learn note-, chord-, and section-level contexts. In the decoding phase, we proposed a hierarchical Transformer model that uses fine-decoders to generate sections in parallel and a coarse-decoder to decode the combined music. We also designed a Music Style Normalization layer to achieve a consistent music style between the generated sections. Our model is evaluated on two open MIDI datasets, and experiments show that our model outperforms the best contemporary music generative models. More excitingly, the visual evaluation shows that our model is superior in melody reuse, resulting in more realistic music.

cs.SD↗

arXiv2020

Review of Machine-Learning Methods for RNA Secondary Structure Prediction

Secondary structure plays an important role in determining the function of non-coding RNAs. Hence, identifying RNA secondary structures is of great value to research. Computational prediction is a mainstream approach for predicting RNA secondary structure. Unfortunately, even though new methods have been proposed over the past 40 years, the performance of computational prediction methods has stagnated in the last decade. Recently, with the increasing availability of RNA structure data, new methods based on machine-learning technologies, especially deep learning, have alleviated the issue. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of RNA secondary structure prediction methods based on machine-learning technologies and a tabularized summary of the most important methods in this field. The current pending issues in the field of RNA secondary structure prediction and future trends are also discussed.

q-bio.BM↗