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Xingbo Zhao

Publications and source records attributed to Xingbo Zhao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

$D\rightarrow \pi$ transitions from QCD Light-Cone Sum Rules with the chiral currents

We present a systematic study of the transition form factors for the semileptonic decays $D\rightarrow Pe^{+}v_{e}$ and $D\rightarrow P\mu^{+}\bar{v}_{\mu}$ using QCD light-cone sum rules with chiral currents, with emphasis on the nonperturbative structure of the pion. The distribution amplitudes of the meson $\pi$, including twist-2 and higher-twist components, are analyzed and incorporated in our computation, employing both Gegenbauer polynomial expansions and the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) method, where the latter yields a distribution that rapidly converges to the asymptotic form. Two relations linking transition form factors are derived and found to be consistent with the chiral symmetry of QCD. Our numerical predictions for the $D$-to-pion form factors agee well with BES\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3} measurements and lattice QCD calculations. Furthermore, the differential decay widths obtained thereby for the $D$-to-pion decay also show consistency with the BES\uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3} data in the high-momentum-transfer ($q$) region with the $q^{2}>1\ \rm{GeV^2}$, implying new opportunities for the precise extraction of the CKM matrix element and the exploration of physics beyond the Standard Model.

hep-ph

Exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in photon-proton diffractive scattering: A light-front Hamiltonian approach

We investigate the cross-section for exclusive $J/\psi$ production in photon-proton diffractive scattering within the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) framework. The leading-order contribution to this process is well approximated by the charge conjugation-even two-gluon (``pomeron") exchange mechanism in the dipole model, which factorizes the total amplitude into the dipole scattering amplitude and the convolution of the $J/\psi$ and photon light-front wave functions (LFWFs). We express the dipole scattering amplitude as the matrix element of gluon field operators inserted between proton states, with the element being sensitive to the proton LFWFs and the Bjorken scaling variable, $x$. The proton and $J/\psi$ LFWFs are obtained by diagonalizing their respective light-front Hamiltonians within the BLFQ approach, while the virtual photon LFWFs are employed from perturbative QCD. Our results provide initial conditions for the Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation, which can be used to probe the proton structure at smaller Bjorken scales. This work offers valuable theoretical insights for future electron-ion collider experiments.

hep-ph

Nuclear matter and proton parton distributions in a light-front Hamiltonian framework

We develop a light-front Hamiltonian formulation of symmetric nuclear matter within the quark-meson coupling model, using Basis Light-Front Quantization to solve the in-medium nucleon eigenvalue problem. The Hamiltonian incorporates confinement in the valence sector and is truncated to include up to one dynamical gluon. Medium effects are introduced via scalar and vector mean fields, yielding a self-consistent, density-dependent effective quark mass and modified nucleon structure. The resulting energy per nucleon, pressure, and incompressibility are consistent with empirical constraints at the saturation point. At nuclear saturation density, the gluon probability in the nucleon wave function increases slightly, while the valence probability and quark momentum fraction decrease. The unpolarized quark and gluon distributions show a noticeable enhancement at large momentum fraction ($x \gtrsim 0.4$), illustrated at an evolved scale of $Q^{2} = 10 \mathrm{GeV}^{2}$.

hep-ph

Gravitational form factors of light mesons from Basis Light-Front Quantization

We compute the gravitational form factors (GFFs) of the pion and kaon using their light-front wave functions within the Basis Light-Front Quantization framework. The wave functions are obtained by solving a light-front effective Hamiltonian that incorporates three-dimensional confinement along with a color-singlet Nambu--Jona-Lasinio interaction between the constituent quark and antiquark. The form factor $A(Q^2)$ is found to be in overall agreement with recent lattice QCD and dispersive results. In contrast, $D(Q^2)$ is enhanced in magnitude at low $Q^2$ relative to both lattice QCD and dispersive determinations. This behavior arises from extracting the $D$-term using transverse components of the QCD energy--momentum tensor, which are more sensitive to the small-$x$ region and to light-front zero-mode effects in the present truncated framework. Using the resulting GFFs, we determine the mass (matter) and mechanical radii of the pion and kaon and analyze their mechanical structure through the corresponding pressure and shear-force distributions.

hep-ph

Baryon Bethe-Salpeter Equation in Minkowski-Space QCD$_2$

We study the three-quark ladder Bethe--Salpeter equation in Minkowski-space QCD$_2$ in the light-cone gauge. Using the quasi-potential expansion, we project the baryon equation onto the light front and show that, at leading order in the valence truncation, the resulting mass-squared eigenvalue equation is equivalent to the Bars--Durgut equation. We also derive the endpoint power-law behavior of the valence wave function in terms of the quark mass and coupling, closely paralleling the original 't Hooft analysis for mesons. The resulting three-quark equation is solved numerically for $N_c=3$, and the ground-state baryon mass is found to be in reasonable agreement with previous light-cone quantization results in QCD$_2$, suggesting that the valence sector provides the dominant contribution to the ground state. The excited-state spectrum further yields a Regge trajectory that captures the overall trend of the experimental nucleon spectrum, and we compute selected structure observables, including parton distribution functions, double distribution amplitudes, and coordinate-space densities. This framework provides a useful confining test bed for Minkowski-space bound-state methods and for future developments toward confining formulations in 3+1 dimensions beyond the valence truncation.

hep-ph

Generalized parton distributions of valence, sea, and gluon components of the proton

We compute the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of valence quarks, sea quarks, and gluons in the proton using light-front wave functions obtained within the basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) framework, providing a realistic description of the nucleon at a low resolution scale. The wave functions are derived from a light-front QCD Hamiltonian without an explicit confining potential and include the three-quark, three-quark-gluon, and three-quark-quark-antiquark Fock sectors. For the first time within BLFQ, we evaluate quark GPDs at nonzero skewness in both the DGLAP and ERBL regions, while gluon GPDs are computed in the DGLAP region. The resulting GPDs exhibit qualitative features similar to, but smaller than the GUMP1.0 global extraction of GPDs based on experimental and lattice QCD data at next-to-leading order accuracy. We further compute the associated Compton form factors and obtain results consistent with the global analysis.

hep-ph

Transverse force tomography inside a proton from Basis Light-front Quantization

The twist-3 transverse spin--dependent nucleon structure function $g_2$ arises in high-energy processes involving a transversely polarized nucleon. Its connection to quark--gluon correlations allows for an interpretation in terms of the average transverse color Lorentz force acting on unpolarized quarks inside a transversely polarized nucleon. In this work, we investigate this force using light-front wave functions obtained by diagonalizing the light-front Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics inputs within the Basis Light-front Quantization approach. We evolve our results to a common scale of $5~\mathrm{GeV}^2$ and present the corresponding form factors in momentum space as well as the transverse force components in impact-parameter space. These distributions provide a complementary perspective on the Sivers asymmetry in transversely polarized deep-inelastic scattering. In the forward limit, we extract the twist-3 reduced matrix element $d_2$, and our results are found to be comparable with those from other theoretical calculations and experimental determinations.

hep-ph

Unified description of Sivers and Boer-Mulders asymmetries from twist-3 correlations

We present the first calculation of the Efremov-Teryaev-Qiu-Sterman functions and associated twist-3 quark-gluon correlation functions for both the proton and pion. These functions are determined using the light-front wave functions obtained by diagonalizing a light-front effective Hamiltonian within a Fock space truncated to include a dynamical gluon. We compute the twist-3 correlations in the hard-pole region and extrapolate them to the soft-gluon pole limit. After the scale evolutions, our predictions demonstrate quantitative consistency with recent experimental extractions, providing a unified description of the Sivers and Boer-Mulders asymmetries from a light-front Hamiltonian approach.

hep-ph

Transition form factors for $D/B$ to $a_{0}(980)$ from light-cone QCD sum rules

We apply the light-cone QCD sum rules with chiral currents to compute transition form factors of the semileptonic decay of the charmed and bottom scalar mesons $D/B$ to $a_{0}(980)l^{+}\nu_{l}$ $(l=e$, $\mu)$, where the scalar meson $a_{0}(980)$ are firstly regarded as two quark states, and contributions from the tetraquark component are then added via proper modulation of four distribution amplitudes considered. The obtained transition form factors and branching fraction are free of the contribution from the light-cone distribution amplitudes at the level of twist-three and two simple relations connecting their form factors are obtained. Our computations indicates that the decay branch fractions are on the margin of the measurements reported by Beijing Spectrometer \uppercase\expandafter{\romannumeral3} in the pure two-quark scenario and are in good agreement with observations when tetraquark component is considered.

hep-ph

Spin entanglement signatures of proton from a light-front Hamiltonian

Quantum entanglement provides a quantitative probe of the internal structure of hadrons and offers a sensitive means to study the quantum correlation in the hadron wave functions. For baryons, the spin state of the three valence quarks forms a tripartite qubit system, whose entanglement structure can be characterized by the four classes of three-qubit states. In this work, we compare the proton spin entanglement obtained from Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) with that from a quark-diquark model. By analyzing both bipartite and tripartite entanglement, we find that the quark-diquark model yields a substantially more entangled spin state than the BLFQ wave function in the valence Fock sector. This difference mainly originates from the larger W-type and Bell-type entanglement in the quark-diquark model. Within BLFQ, larger stronger coupling constant and smaller quark mass drive the spin correlation among the valence quarks towards an effective quark-diquark configuration with an active $d$ quark and a correlated $uu$ pair.

hep-ph

Transverse Structure of the Kaon: A light-front Hamiltonian Approach

We employ the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) framework to compute the leading-twist (twist-2) and subleading-twist (twist-3) transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of the kaon. The light-front wave functions are obtained by diagonalizing a light-front QCD Hamiltonian that includes quark-antiquark (|q\bar{q}\rangle) and quark-antiquark-gluon (|q\bar{q}g\rangle) Fock components together with a three-dimensional confinement. Using the QCD equations of motion, the twist-3 TMDs are decomposed into twist-2 constributions and genuine twist-3 terms, the latter encoding quark-quark-gluon correlations beyond the probabilistic picture. These genuine twist-3 constributions arise from the interference between the |q\bar{q}\rangle and |q\bar{q}g\rangle sectors, which are usually negelected in the Wandzura-Wilczek approximation. This work provides the first theoretical predictions of kaon subleading-twist TMDs that explicitly account for Fock-sector interference. In addition, we present results for the kaon's twist-2 and twist-3 collinear parton distribution functions (PDFs). The twist-2 PDFs are found to be in good agreement with the recent global analysis by the JAM collaboration.

hep-ph

Heavy mesons with dynamical gluon on the light front

We investigate the structure of charmonium, bottomonium, and $\rm B_c$ meson systems within the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) approach, including both the quark-antiquark ($|q\bar{q}\rangle$) and quark-antiquark-gluon ($|q\bar{q}g\rangle$) Fock sectors. Our input light-front Hamiltonian incorporates a confining potential inspired by light-front holography, as well as the quark-gluon interaction from Quantum Chromodynamics. By adjusting model parameters to reproduce the mass spectra for low-lying states, we obtain the light-front wave functions for the heavy meson states. Based on these wave functions, we calculate electromagnetic form factors, decay constants, parton distribution amplitudes (PDAs), and parton distribution functions (PDFs) of the quarks and gluons in the heavy mesons. Our results for the charge radii and decay constants reasonably agree with experimental data and other theoretical approaches. The PDAs are consistent with the predictions from the earlier BLFQ calculations with an effective one-gluon exchange interaction. Furthermore, we present the first predictions within the BLFQ framework for the gluon PDFs in heavy mesons based on the light-front wave function in the $|q\bar{q}g\rangle$ sector.

hep-ph

Non-perturbative flavor asymmetry in the nucleon and deuteron: The light-front Hamiltonian effective field theory approach

We investigate non-perturbative multi-pion contributions to nucleon flavor asymmetry within the framework of Light-Front Hamiltonian Effective Field Theory (LFHEFT). Utilizing a Fock sector expansion, we systematically incorporate pionic degrees of freedom, with the nucleon-pion interactions governed by a scalar variant of chiral effective field theory. Our results demonstrate that the non-perturbatively calculated longitudinal momentum distributions exhibit significant deviations from leading-order perturbative predictions, emphasizing the importance of higher-order Fock components in describing the proton's sea quark structure. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of extending this framework to investigate nuclear effects in light nuclei, such as the deuteron. This unified approach provides a consistent basis for analyzing the interplay between intrinsic nucleon structure and nuclear modifications, potentially offering new insights into the flavor asymmetry observed in fixed-target and collider experiments.

hep-ph

Dynamical gluon effects in twist-3 generalized parton distributions of the proton

Within the Basis Light-Front Quantization framework, we systematically investigate the subleading-twist (twist-3) generalized parton distributions (GPDs) of the proton's valence quarks beyond the Wandzura--Wilczek (WW) approximation. The twist-3 GPDs are not independent; through the equations of motion they decompose into a non-genuine contribution and a genuine twist-3 term. The latter encodes quark--quark--gluon correlations and involves interference between the light-front Fock sectors |qqq> and |qqqg>, which are typically neglected in the WW approximation. Using light-front wave functions obtained from diagonalizing the proton light-front Hamiltonian for its |qqq> and |qqqg> Fock components, we compute these GPDs via their overlap representations. To further explore their physical implications, we also evaluate several twist-3--related quantities, including the quark orbital angular momentum, the total quark spin contribution, and the quark spin--orbit correlation. Our results provide new nonperturbative input on higher-twist dynamics particularly multi-parton interference effects relevant for future measurements at the EicC and the EIC.

hep-ph

Nucleon Structure from Basis Light-Front Quantization : Status and Prospects

We review recent advancements in understanding nucleon structure within the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) framework--a fully relativistic, nonperturbative approach to solving quantum field theories. In its initial phase, we start with the leading Fock sector $|qqq\rangle$ and an effective light-front Hamiltonian incorporating confinement and one-gluon exchange within which BLFQ can already successfully describe key nucleon observables. The framework has since been extended to include the next-to-leading Fock sector $|qqqg\rangle$, enabling studies of gluonic contributions to the nucleon's internal structure, including gluon helicity, orbital angular momentum, and three-dimensional imaging through generalized and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions (GPDs and TMDs). Most recently, BLFQ has achieved a significant milestone by computing nucleon light-front wavefunctions as eigenstates of the QCD Hamiltonian without an explicit confining potential. These calculations, including Fock sectors up to $|qqqq\bar{q}\rangle$, further develop the path to first-principles predictions of quark and gluon matter densities, helicity and transversity distributions, and spin observables, showing qualitative agreement with experimental and phenomenological results. Together, these developments highlight BLFQ's growing capacity to provide an increasingly complete and realistic picture of nucleon structure grounded in QCD.

hep-ph

Dynamical gluon effects in the three-dimensional structure of pion

We investigate the internal structure of the pion, including the contributions from one dynamical gluon, using the basis light-front quantization (BLFQ) approach. By solving a light-front QCD Hamiltonian with a three-dimensional confining potential, we obtain the light-front wavefunctions (LFWFs) for both the quark-antiquark and quark-antiquark-gluon Fock sectors. These wavefunctions are then employed to compute the unpolarized generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and the transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions (TMDs) of valence quarks and gluons. We also extract the transverse spatial distributions, providing the squared radii of quark and gluon densities in the impact-parameter space. This work contributes toward a three-dimensional understanding of the pion's internal structure in both momentum and coordinate space.

hep-ph

Structure of lightest nuclei in the visible Universe

The simplest atomic nucleus, deuteron, provides key insights into the strong nuclear interactions among quarks and gluons that shape the visible universe. We present the first attempt to calculate the internal structure of the deuteron by incorporating hidden-color degrees of freedom, modeling it as an effective mixture of singlet-singlet and octet-octet color clusters beyond the traditional proton-neutron picture. By employing the separation of variables for the light-front two-cluster bound-state equation, we explore how these hidden color correlations shape both its spin and electromagnetic structure. We incorporate the transverse and longitudinal dynamics by two Schr\"odinger-like equations, namely the light-front holography and the 't Hooft equation, respectively. Our predictions of the electromagnetic form factors and structure functions, including tensor-polarized function, align well with experimental data, offering insights into the partonic structure of the deuteron. Its tensor property could pave the way for a new era in spin physics, guiding future experimental investigations.

hep-ph

Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front

Gravitational form factors (GFFs) of hadrons encode essential information about the internal distributions of mass, spin, pressure, and shear among their quark and gluon constituents. We compute the quark and gluon GFFs of the proton using a fully relativistic, nonperturbative framework based on a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics (QCD) input. This allows us to quantify the impact of a dynamical gluon on the proton's mechanical properties, such as pressure and shear distributions. Our predictions agree well with recent lattice QCD results and experimental extractions. We also determine the proton's mass and mechanical radii and address the long-standing puzzle of its mass decomposition. At the scale $\mu^2 = 4~\mathrm{GeV}^2$, we find that quark energy, gluon field energy, the quark condensate, and the QCD trace anomaly contribute $31.5\%$, $34.7\%$, $11.3\%$, and $22.5\%$, respectively, which are consistent with lattice QCD findings.

hep-ph