arXiv subjects

Xuzhe Zhi

Publications and source records attributed to Xuzhe Zhi.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

FairGlucose: A CGM Fairness Benchmark Reveals Subgroup Disparities Hidden in Population-Level Validation

As CGM-based AI tools approach clinical deployment, whether their accuracy is equitable across patient demographics remains insufficiently tested. To enable this evaluation, we constructed FairGlucose, a 300-patient CGM cohort balanced across 12 demographic strata (age x gender x type 1/type 2 diabetes), with 132,480 forecasting samples and 3,945 unique behavioral events (meals, exercise, medication) logged by 81 patients. Benchmarking 33 models across four families on 2-hour glucose forecasting, we find that population-level external validation can conceal substantial subgroup disparities. Aggregate out-of-distribution metrics appear stable (approximately 1.0), yet subgroup-level ratios range from 0.8 to 1.4, with T1D patients showing 6 mg/dL higher prediction error than T2D (p < 0.001). This disparity persists across all 33 models, suggesting a property of the prediction task rather than any single architecture. Further analysis shows that subgroup performance gaps align with the proportion of clinically hard cases, and that input-length sensitivity varies across demographics, motivating personalized configurations. Frontier LLMs underperform specialized neural models by 1-6 mg/dL; behavioral events contribute negligibly (approximately 0.1 mg/dL) even under oracle event access. These findings establish that population-level validation alone is insufficient for equity assessment of digital health AI, motivating subgroup-disaggregated reporting as a default standard.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2026

Mapping Patient-Perceived Physician Traits from Nationwide Online Reviews with LLMs

Understanding how patients perceive their physicians is essential to improving trust, communication, and satisfaction. Patients increasingly consult large language models (LLMs) to summarize physician reviews and shape provider choices, yet the national landscape of patient-perceived physician traits remains poorly characterized. We present an LLM-based pipeline that extracts ten patient-perceived physician trait scores from review text: five Big-Five-style and five patient-oriented dimensions. From one million U.S. physicians, we analyze 4.1 million reviews of 226,999 physicians. We validate the pipeline through multi-model comparison and human expert benchmarking. LLM and human-rater trait scores from reviews are consistent. Trait scores correlate strongly with review rating scores yet retain substantial independent variance. Two national-scale patterns emerge: male physicians receive higher trait scores across all traits, with the largest gap in clinical competence; specialty differences are driven by encounter context, with surgical specialties leading interpersonal qualities and psychiatry lowest. Cluster analysis identifies four physician archetypes, from "Uniform High" (33.8%, high across traits) to "Uniform Low" (22.6%, low across traits). This map of LLM-derived physician traits exposes how LLMs read the U.S. clinical workforce. Pending clinical validation, it opens future research on fairness, bias, and how LLM-mediated provider search shapes patient choice.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Convolutional Deep Operator Networks for Learning Nonlinear Focused Ultrasound Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Spinal Cord Anatomy

Focused ultrasound (FUS) therapy is a promising tool for optimally targeted treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCI), offering submillimeter precision to enhance blood flow at injury sites while minimizing impact on surrounding tissues. However, its efficacy is highly sensitive to the placement of the ultrasound source, as the spinal cord's complex geometry and acoustic heterogeneity distort and attenuate the FUS signal. Current approaches rely on computer simulations to solve the governing wave propagation equations and compute patient-specific pressure maps using ultrasound images of the spinal cord anatomy. While accurate, these high-fidelity simulations are computationally intensive, taking up to hours to complete parameter sweeps, which is impractical for real-time surgical decision-making. To address this bottleneck, we propose a convolutional deep operator network (DeepONet) to rapidly predict FUS pressure fields in patient spinal cords. Unlike conventional neural networks, DeepONets are well equipped to approximate the solution operator of the parametric partial differential equations (PDEs) that govern the behavior of FUS waves with varying initial and boundary conditions (i.e., new transducer locations or spinal cord geometries) without requiring extensive simulations. Trained on simulated pressure maps across diverse patient anatomies, this surrogate model achieves real-time predictions with only a 2% loss on the test set, significantly accelerating the modeling of nonlinear physical systems in heterogeneous domains. By facilitating rapid parameter sweeps in surgical settings, this work provides a crucial step toward precise and individualized solutions in neurosurgical treatments.

physics.med-ph↗