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Y. Ben-Aryeh

Publications and source records attributed to Y. Ben-Aryeh.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Rotation curves velocities obtained by warm low-density plasma simulating dark halos and dark matter

The free electron model with Boltzmann statistics for spherical low-density plasmas is developed further with asymptotic relations obtaining the density of electrons, mass densities, and the potentials of such plasmas. Solutions are developed as function of a pure number proportional to the distance from the stellar plasma center (galaxy center) with extremely small coefficient, so that these solutions are essentially functions of large astronomical distances and masses. The present plasma is divided into a central part and very long tail, where the central part of the plasma shows an exponential dependence on the distance from the galaxy center, but a part of the large mass of this plasma is included in the long stellar plasma tail. The present model is specialized to completely ionized Hydrogen plasma (with a small correction factor considering its mixture with heavier atoms) where emission and absorption of spectral lines can be neglected in the warm low density stellar plasma. We apply the present approach for treating rotation curves measurements, A general theory for rotation curves should include the superposition of the gravitational potentials introduced by the high-density compact stars, with those of the low-density stellar plasma potentials. But for halos which are at extremely large distance from the galaxy center, the dominant effects would be those of dark matter, and such dark halos are permeating and surrounding the compact galactic stars. Such plasma is found to be transparent in most of the EM spectrum. The existence of a large mass for the warm low-density plasma may solve the problem of missing mass in rotation curves measurements.

astro-ph.GA

Super-resolution by converting evanescent waves in microsphere to propagating and transfer function from its surface to nano-jet

The EM waves transmitted through a thin object with fine structures is observed, by microsphere located above the object. While the waves include both evanescent and propagating waves, the high resolution is obtained by the evanescent ones, including the information on the fine structures of the object. Description of this process is divided into two parts: a) The super resolution is analyzed by using Helmholtz equation for the evanescent waves transmitted from the object to the microsphere surface. b) Using boundary condition, the electric fields on the inner surface of the microsphere includes both the evanescent and propagating waves. The transmission of these waves to a nano jet is produced by a transfer function, including convolution between the spatial modes of the evanescent waves with those of the microsphere, which increases the conversion of the evanescent waves to propagating waves, and thus increase the resolution.

physics.optics

Heating of the interstellar gas by cosmic rays and warm transparent ionized plasma observed by pulsar dispersions

Electrons densities in different locations of our galaxy are obtained in pulsar astronomy by dividing the dispersion measure (DM) by the distance of the pulsar to Earth. The properties of the interstellar plasma are related to its heating. Following the present analysis DM measurements are obtained with different properties for different temperatures in three regions:1)For relatively low temperatures the state of molecular, atomic and ionized Hydrogen was analyzed by the interstellar medium (ISM) model with partially ionized plasma. In this region various spectroscopic effects are obtained. 2) For temperatures approximately above 20000 (K) the interstellar gas was found to be completely ionized medium and this plasma is defined as warm ionized medium (WIM) where this plasma is transparent. This property is obtained from solution of Saha equation in which the index of refraction is real, but the plasma can be observed by dispersion measurements.3)For very high temperatures defined as hot ionized matter (HIM), X-rays are obtained by the plasma. We concentrate in the work on the analysis of the WIM plasma. We calculate the mass densities of such plasma and compare it with dark matter densities which are found to be larger. But some factors which can reduce this difference are discussed,

astro-ph.HE

Geometric phases for a thermal two-dimensional mixed spin 1/2 system

Quantum mechanical methods for getting geometric phases for mixed states are analyzed. Parallel transport equations for pure states are generalized to mixed states by which dynamical phases are eliminated. The geometric phases of mixed states are obtained as Pancharatnam phases which are valid also for open cycles. The geometric phases are derived here by SU(2) transformations of mixed thermal states which are different from those used in NMR and neutron interference experiments. While the zeroth order Hamiltonian is given by the interaction of a magnetic moment and constant magnetic field in the z direction, the high order perturbations assumed in the present article are composed of two oscillating magnetic fields in the same z direction. These assumptions lead to a special form of the SU(2) unitary transformation of the mixed thermal states by which results for geometric phase and for interference intensity are derived.

quant-ph

Quantum dynamic and geometric phases in harmonic oscillator, spin 1/2 and two-level thermal engines systems

Dynamical phases are obtained for a quantum thermal engine, whose working medium is a single harmonic oscillator. The dynamics of this engine is obtained by using four steps where in two steps the time dependent frequency is changing. In the other two steps, the thermal engine is coupled alternatively to hot and cold heat baths. Similar dynamical phases are obtained in a quantum thermal engine whose working medium is spin 1/2 system. The role of times durations of such steps in the quantum engines for getting maximal efficiency is analyzed. The dynamic of charge pumping in a quantum dot coupled to two reservoirs is studied. The effects of many modulation parameters including their fluctuations for getting geometric phases are analyzed. Since the separate steps in thermal engines describe non-cyclic circuits, we propose to use a special method for measuring geometric phases in thermal engines for non-cyclic circuits which is gauge invariant.

quant-ph

Maximal Raman enhancement factor (EF) calculations for hot spots at two metallic spheres

The interaction between two metallic spheres with radius R with external electromagnetic (EM) field polarized in the symmetric z direction is described. Solutions of Laplace equation with bi-spherical coordinates are developed. Hot spots are obtained under the condition that the shortest distance between the two spheres surfaces is very small relative to their radius. Boundary conditions are applied which assume very large real negative value for the dielectric constant of the metallic spheres which is valid for atoms like that of AG or Au at certain frequencies. Under these conditions the EM field is amplified by many orders of magnitudes relative to the incident EM field. Analytical results for maximal Raman enhancement factor (EF ) are obtained as function of various parameters. The present study can be applied to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and two-photon induced illumination (TPI-PL) in which the amplification is proportional to the fourth power of the incident EM field.

physics.optics

Full-separability and bi-separability of qubits using Bell operators, partial transpose, witnesses and explicit (full/bi) separability

Using the Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decomposition we suggest new possible choices of Bell operators and entanglement witnesses (EW ) for n (>2) qubits systems for (full/bi) separability. The latter give upper bounds for (full/bi) separability. Also using the HS decomposition, we find explicitly (full/bi) separable forms for some qubits states which give lower bounds for (full/bi) separability. When the lower bounds and upper bounds coincide it means that the EW is optimal. In the case of full separability, the positive transpose method can sometimes give optimal results. As concrete examples, we give results for the GHZ(3),W(3) , and cluster CL(4)states.

quant-ph

Transparent low-density stellar plasma extending over very large volumes with large masses and Dark Haloes

The free electron model with Boltzmann statistics for spherical low-density plasmas (Scientific Reports 9. 20384, 2019) is developed further by numerical calculations with asymptotic relations obtaining the density of electrons, mass densities and the potentials of such plasmas. Solutions are developed as function of a pure number x proportional to the distance from the stellar plasma center (galaxy center) with extremely small coefficient so that these solutions are essentially functions of large astronomical distances and masses. The present plasma is divided into a central part and very long tail where most of the large mass of this plasma is included in the long stellar plasma tail. The present model is specialized to completely ionized Hydrogen plasma where emission and absorption of spectral lines can be neglected in the low density stellar plasma. It is shown that the present low-density plasma might represent dark halo which permeates and surrounds the compact galactic stars. Such plasma is found to be transparent in most of the EM spectrum.

physics.gen-ph

Transparency and stability of low density stellar plasma related to Boltzmann statistics , inverse stimulated Bremsstrahlung and dark matter

The rate of stimulated inverse bremsstrahlung is calculated for low electron density stellar plasmas and the condition under which the plasma becomes transparent is presented. The stability of low density stellar plasma is analyzed for a star with a spherical symmetry in equilibrium between the gravitational attractive forces and the repulsive pressure forces of an ideal electron gas where the analysis is developed by the use of Boltzmann statistics. Fundamental and surprising results are obtained by which the radius and the total mass of the star are inversely proportional to the square root of the electron density in the star center. The total gravitational forces of the star with very low electron and mass densities are very large (!) due to the extreme large star volumes. The absorption and emission of radiation for extremely low density star plasmas vanishes over all the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The present results are supported by numerical calculations. Similar effects are predicted for low density stellar plasmas which have different structures and the properties of such plasmas might show certain similarities with those of dark matter.

astro-ph.SR

Quantum and optics effects in dense plasmas with medium temperatures with implications to stellar plasmas

The optical properties of plasmas with high densities and medium temperatures are analyzed by the use of a free electron model with Fermi-Dirac statistics. For the present collisional plasma the frequency of electron-ion collision is very large relative to the optical and infra-red frequencies. A quantum mechanical equation for the frequency of collisions is developed by the use of Fermi-Dirac statistics and Rutherford scattering theory. The validity of the Rutherford scattering theory is discussed. The influence of many weak collisions is taken into account by a Coulomb logarithmic function. The present analysis might have implication to stellar plasmas with medium temperatures for which Fermi-Dirac statistics is used. The relations between the present analysis and the stabilities of stars plasmas are discussed. The ratio between the radius and mass of star plasmas with the present densities and that of a typical white dwarf are discussed.

astro-ph.IM

Fermi-Dirac Statistics Applied to Very Dense Plasmas at Medium or Low Temperatures with Optical Parameters Calculations

Fermi Dirac free electron model is applied to very dense plasmas with medium or low temperatures. While Boltzmann statistics can lead to very high densities of ionized electrons, only at very high temperatures, Fermi Dirac statistics can support the high densities of ionized electrons at medium or low temperatures due to the high degeneracies obtained in this model. Since very dense plasmas may be obtained at low temperatures the corresponding black body radiation with the plasma luminosity will be quite small. On the other hand gravitational effects might be quite large due to the high densities. The optical properties for dense plasmas are calculated. The present study might have implications to dense stars plasma.

physics.plasm-ph

Separability of 3-qubits density matrices, related to l(1) and l(2)norms and to unfolding of tensors into matrices

We treat 3-qubits states with maximally disordered subsystems, by using Hilbert-Schmidt decompositions.By using unfolding methods, the tensors are converted into matrices and by applying singular values decompositions to these matrices the number 27 of the Hilbert Schmidt parameters, is reduced to 9 and under the condition that the sum of absolute values of these parameters is not larger than 1, we conclude that the density matrix is fully separable . In another method we divide the 27 Hilbert Schmidt parameters into 9 triads where for each triad we calculate the Frobenius norm of 3 Hilbert-Schmidt parameters. If the sum of nine norms is not larger than 1 then we conclude that the density matrix is fully separable . The condition for biseparability of maximally disordered density matrices is obtained by the use of one qubit density matrix multiplied by Bell entangled states of the other two qubits. If the sum of the nine Frobenius norms for these different triads is not larger than 1, we conclude that the density matrix is biseparable. We analyze the relations between three qubits maximally disordered subsystems density matrices and the method of high order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) and show that this method may improve the sufficient condition for full separability. For three qubits states which include multiplication with the unit matrix we find a simple way to reduce the sum of the absolute values of the Hilbert Schmidt parameters absolute values and get better conditions for their full separability for special cases.

quant-ph

Separability and entanglement of two qubits density matrices using Lorentz transformations

Explicit separability of general two qubits density matrices is related to Lorentz transformations. We use the 4-dimensional form R(u,v=0,1,2,3) of the Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decomposition of the density matrix. For the generic case in which Lorentz transformations diagonalize R(u,v=0,1,2,3) (into s(0),s(1),s(2),s(3)) we give relations between the R parameters and the s parameters. In particular we consider two cases: a) Two qubits density matrices with one pair of linear terms in the HS decomposition. b) Two qubits density matrices with two or three symmetric pairs of linear terms. Some of the theoretical results are demonstrated by numerical calculations. The four non-generic cases (which may be reduced to case a) are analyzed and the non-generic property is related explicitly to Lorentz velocity beta=1 which is not reachable physically

quant-ph

Nano-jet Related to Bessel Beams and to Super-Resolutions in Micro-sphere Optical Experiments

The appearance of a Nano-jet in the micro-sphere optical experiments is analyzed by relating this effect to non-diffracting Bessel beams. By inserting a circular aperture with a radius which is in the order of subwavelength in the EM waist, and sending the transmitted light into a confocal microscope, EM fluctuations by the different Bessel beams are avoided. On this constant EM field evanescent waves are superposed. While this effect improves the optical-depth of the imaging process, the object fine-structures are obtained, from the modulation of the EM fields by the evanescent waves. The use of a combination of the micro-sphere optical system with an interferometer for phase contrast measurements is described.

physics.optics

Biseparability of 3-qubits density matrices using Hilbert-Schmidt decompositions: Sufficient conditions and explicit expressions

Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions and Frobenius norms are used to analyze biseparability of 3-qubit systems, with particular emphasis on density matrices with maximally disordered subsystems (MDS) and on the W state mixed with white noise. The biseparable form of a MDS density matrix is obtained by using the Bell states of a 2-qubit subsystem, multiplied by density matrices of the third qubit, which include the relevant HS parameters. Using our methods a sufficient condition and explicit biseparability of the W state mixed with white noise are given. They are compared with the sufficient condition for explicit full separability given in a previous work.

quant-ph

Increase of resolution by use of microspheres related to complex Snell's law and phase contrast interferometer

The increase of resolution by the use of microspheres is related to the use of evanescent waves, satisfying complex Snell law where the trigonometric functions of the incident and refracted angles are complex trigonometric functions, related to the incident and refracted angles, while the refractive indices are real. The evanescent waves are obtained in addition to propagating waves satisfying the ordinary Snell law. Measurements with high resolutions of phase objects like those of semi-transparent biological tissues, is described by an optical system composed of a combination of the microsphere with interferometer.

physics.optics

Separability and entanglement of n-qubits and a qubit with a qudit using Hilbert-Schmidt decompositions

Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions are employed for analyzing systems of n-qubits, and a qubit with a qudit. Negative eigenvalues, obtained by partial-transpose (PT) plus local unitary transformations (PTU) for one qubit from the whole system, are used for indicating inseparability. A sufficient criterion for full separability of the n-qubits and qubit-qudit systems is given. We use the singular value decomposition (SVD) for improving the criterion for full separability. General properties of entanglement and separability are analyzed for a system of a qubit and a qudit and n-qubits systems, with emphasis on maximally disordered subsystems (MDS) (i.e., density matrices rho(MDS) for which tracing over any subsystem gives the unit density matrix). A sufficient condition that rho(MDS) is not separable is that it has an eigenvalue larger than 1/d for a qubit and a qudit, and larger than 1/2^(n-1) for n-qubits system. The PTU transformation does not change the eigenvalues of the n-qubits MDS density matrices for odd n. Thus the Peres-Horodecki criterion does not give any information about entanglement of these density matrices, but this criterion is useful for indicating inseparability for even n. The changes of the entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ state, the Braid entangled state and the W state by mixing them with white noise are analyzed by the use of the present methods. The entanglement and separability properties of the GHZ-diagonal density matrices, composed of mixture of 8 GHZ density matrices with probabilities p(i), is analyzed as function of these probabilities. In some cases we show that the Peres-Horodecki criterion is both sufficient and necessary.

quant-ph

Entanglement and separability of qubits systems related to measurement processes, Hilbert-Schmidt(HS)decompositions and general Bell states

Separability and entanglement for n-qubits systems are quantified by using Hilbert-Schmidt (HS) decompositions in which the density matrices are decomposed into various terms representing certain one qubit, two-qubits,and larger qubits measurements. The present method is more general than previous methods for bipartite systems as it can be used for quantification of entanglement for large n-qubits systems.We demonstrate the use of such method by analyzing three qubits GHZ states, and three qubits general Bell states produced by a certain multiplications of Braid operators, operating on the computational basis of states. Quantum correlations are obtained by measuring all qubits of these systems, while a measurement of a part of the system gives only classical correlations. Quantification of entanglement for these systems is given by the use of HS decompositions.

quant-ph