arXiv subjects

Y. Fernandez

Publications and source records attributed to Y. Fernandez.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2023

First detection of CO$_2$ emission in a Centaur: JWST NIRSpec observations of 39P/Oterma

Centaurs are minor solar system bodies with orbits transitioning between those of Trans-Neptunian Scattered Disk objects and Jupiter Family comets. 39P/Oterma is a frequently active Centaur that has recently held both Centaur and JFC classifications and was observed with the JWST NIRSpec instrument on 2022 July 27 UTC while it was 5.82 au from the Sun. For the first time, CO$_2$ gas emission was detected in a Centaur, with a production rate of Q$_{CO_2}$ = (5.96 $\pm$ 0.80) $\times$ 10$^{23}$ molecules s$^{-1}$. This is the lowest detection of CO$_2$ of any Centaur or comet. CO and H$_2$O were not detected down to constraining upper limits. Derived mixing ratios of Q$_{CO}$/Q$_{CO_2}$ $\leq$2.03 and Q$_{CO_2}$/Q$_{H_2O}$ $\geq$0.60 are consistent with CO$_2$ and/or CO outgassing playing large roles in driving the activity, but not water, and show a significant difference between the coma abundances of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1, another Centaur at a similar heliocentric distance, which may be explained by thermal processing of 39P's surface during its previous Jupiter-family comet orbit. To help contextualize the JWST data we also acquired visible CCD imaging data on two dates in July (Gemini North) and September (Lowell Discovery Telescope) 2022. Image analysis and photometry based on these data are consistent with a point source detection and an estimated effective nucleus radius of 39P in the range of $R_{nuc}= $2.21 to 2.49~km.

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arXiv2020

Compositional study of trans-Neptunian objects at λ > 2.2 μm

Using data from the Infrared Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope, we present photometric observations of a sample of 100 trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) beyond 2.2 μm. These observations, collected with two broad-band filters centered at 3.6 and 4.5 μm, were done in order to study the surface composition of TNOs, which are too faint to obtain spectroscopic measurements. With this aim, we have developed a method for the identification of different materials that are found on the surfaces of TNOs. In our sample, we detected objects with colors that are consistent with the presence of small amounts of water and were able to distinguish between surfaces that are predominately composed of complex organics and amorphous silicates. We found that 86% of our sample have characteristics that are consistent with a certain amount of water ice, and the most common composition (73% of the objects) is a mixture of water ice, amorphous silicates, and complex organics. 23% of our sample may include other ices such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane or methanol. Additionally, only small objects seem to have surfaces dominated by silicates. This method is a unique tool for the identification of complex organics and to obtain the surface composition of extremely faint objects. Also, this method will be beneficial when using the James Webb Space Telescope for differentiating groups within the trans-Neptunian population.

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arXiv2019

Astro2020 Activities and Projects White Paper: Arecibo Observatory in the Next Decade

The white paper discusses Arecibo Observatory's plan for facility improvements and activities over the next decade. The facility improvements include: (a) improving the telescope surface, pointing and focusing to achieve superb performance up to ~12.5 GHz; (b) equip the telescope with ultrawide-band feeds; (c) upgrade the instrumentation with a 4 GHz bandwidth high dynamic range digital link and a universal backend and (d) augment the VLBI facility by integrating the 12m telescope for phase referencing. These upgrades to the Arecibo telescope are critical to keep the national facility in the forefront of research in radio astronomy while maintaining its dominance in radar studies of near-Earth asteroids, planets and satellites. In the next decade, the Arecibo telescope will play a synergistic role with the upcoming facilities such as ngVLA, SKA and the now commissioned FAST telescope. Further, the observatory will be actively engaged in mentoring and training programs for students from a diverse background.

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arXiv2015

Size and albedo distributions of asteroids in cometary orbits using WISE data

We study the distributions of effective diameter ($D$), beaming parameter ($η$), and visible geometric albedo ($p_V$) of asteroids in cometry orbits (ACOs) populations, derived from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Explorer (WISE) observations, and compare these with the same, independently determined properties of the comets. The near-Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM) is used to compute the $D$, $p_V$ and $η$. We obtained $D$ and $p_V$ for 49 ACOs in Jupiter family cometary orbits (JF-ACOs) and 16 ACOs in Halley-type orbits (Damocloids). We also obtained $η$ for 45 of them. All but three JF-ACOs (95% of the sample) present a low albedo compatible with a cometary origin. The $p_V$ and $η$ distributions of both ACO populations are very similar. For the entire sample of ACOs, the mean geometric albedo is $\bar{p_V} = 0.05 \pm 0.02$, ($\bar{p_V} = 0.05 \pm 0.01$ and $\bar{p_V} =0.05 \pm 0.02$ for JF-ACOs and Damocloids, respectively) compatible with a narrow albedo distribution similar to that of the Jupiter family comets (JFCs), with a $\bar{p_V} \sim 0.04$. The $\barη =1.0 \pm 0.2$. We find no correlations between $D$, $p_V$ , or $η$. We compare the cumulative size distribution (CSD) of ACOs, Centaurs, and JFCs. Although the Centaur sample contains larger objects, the linear parts in their log-log plot of the CSDs presents a similar cumulative exponent ($β= 1.85 \pm 0.30$ and $1.76 \pm 0.35$, respectively). The CSD for Damocloids presents a much shallower exponent $β= 0.89 \pm 0.17$. The CSD for JF-ACOs is shallower and shifted towards larger diameters with respect to the CSD of active JFCs, which suggests that the mantling process has a size dependency whereby large comets tend to reach an inactive stage faster than small ones. Finally, the population of JF-ACOs is comparable in number that of JFCs, although there are more tens-km JF-ACOs than JFCs.

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arXiv2009

Spitzer observations of the asteroid-comet transition object and potential spacecraft target 107P (4015) Wilson-Harrington

Context. Near-Earth asteroid-comet transition object 107P/ (4015) Wilson-Harrington is a possible target of the joint European Space Agency (ESA) and Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Marco Polo sample return mission. Physical studies of this object are relevant to this mission, and also to understanding its asteroidal or cometary nature. Aims. Our aim is to obtain significant new constraints on the surface thermal properties of this object. Methods. We present mid-infrared photometry in two filters (16 and 22 microns) obtained with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope on February 12, 2007, and results from the application of the Near Earth Asteroid Thermal Model (NEATM).We obtained high S/N in two mid-IR bands allowing accurate measurements of its thermal emission. Results. We obtain a well constrained beaming parameter (eta = 1.39 +/- 0.26) and obtain a diameter and geometric albedo of D = 3.46 +/- 0.32 km, and pV = 0.059 +/- 0.011. We also obtain similar results when we apply this best-fitting thermal model to single-band mid-IR photometry reported by Campins et al. (1995), Kraemer et al. (2005) and Reach et al. (2007). Conclusions. The albedo of 4015 Wilson-Harrington is low, consistent with those of comet nuclei and primitive C-, P-, D-type asteorids. We establish a rough lower limit for the thermal inertia of W-H of 60 Jm^-2s^(-0.5)K^-1 when it is at r=1AU, which is slightly over the limit of 30 Jm^-2s^(-0.5)K-1 derived by Groussin et al. (2009) for the thermal inertia of the nucleus of comet 22P/Kopff.

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arXiv2009

Spitzer Observations of Spacecraft Target 162173 (1999 JU3)

Near-Earth asteroid 162173 (1999 JU3) is the primary target of the Hayabusa-2 sample return mission, and a potential target of the Marco Polo sample return mission. Earth-based studies of this object are fundamental to these missions. We present a mid-infrared spectrum (5-38 microns) of 1999 JU3 obtained with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope in May 2008. These observations place new constraints on the surface properties of this asteroid. To fit our spectrum we used the near-Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM) and the more complex thermophysical model (TPM). However, the position of the spin-pole, which is uncertain, is a crucial input parameter for constraining the thermal inertia with the TPM; hence, we consider two pole orientations. In the extreme case of an equatorial retrograde geometry we derive a lower limit to the thermal inertia of 150 J/m^2/K/s^0.5. If we adopt the pole orientation of Abe et al. (2008a) our best-fit thermal model yields a value for the thermal inertia of 700+/-200 J/m^2/K/s^0.5 and even higher values are allowed by the uncertainty in the spectral shape due to the absolute flux calibration. The lower limit to the thermal inertia, which is unlikely but possible, would be consistent with a fine regolith similar to wthat is found for asteroid 433 Eros. However, the thermal inertia is expected to be higher, possibly similar to or greater than that on asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Accurately determining the spin-pole of asteroid 162173 will narrow the range of possible values for its thermal inertia.

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