arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Y. M. Zhao.
In this paper we study the enumeration of number (denoted as ${D_I}$) of spin $I$ states for fermions in a single-$j$ shell and bosons with spin $l$. We show that $D_I$ can be enumerated by the reduction from SU$(n+1)$ to SO(3). New regularities of $D_I$ are discerned.
In this paper we study the behavior of energy centroids (denoted as $\bar{E_I}$) of spin $I$ states in the presence of random two-body interactions, for systems ranging from very simple systems (e.g. single-$j$ shell for very small $j$) to very complicated systems (e.g., many-$j$ shells with different parities and with isospin degree of freedom). Regularities of $\bar{E_I}$'s discussed in terms of the so-called geometric chaoticity (or quasi-randomness of two-body coefficients of fractional parentage) in earlier works are found to hold even for very simple systems in which one cannot assume the geometric chaoticity. It is shown that the inclusion of isospin and parity does not "break" the regularities of $\bar{E_I}$'s.
We present our results on properties of ground states for nucleonic systems in the presence of random two-body interactions. In particular we present probability distributions for parity, seniority, spectroscopic (i.e., in the laboratory framework) quadrupole moments and $α$ clustering in the ground states. We find that the probability distribution for the parity of the ground states obtained by a two-body random ensemble simulates that of realistic nuclei: positive parity is dominant in the ground states of even-even nuclei while for odd-odd nuclei and odd-mass nuclei we obtain with almost equal probability ground states with positive and negative parity. In addition we find that for the ground states, assuming pure random interactions, low seniority is not favored, no dominance of positive values of spectroscopic quadrupole deformation, and no sign of $α$-cluster correlations, all in sharp contrast to realistic nuclei. Considering a mixture of a random and a realistic interaction, we observe a second order phase transition for the $α$-cluster correlation probability.
The ground states of all even-even nuclei have angular momentum, $I$, equal to zero, I=0, and positive parity, $π=+$. This feature was believed to be a consequence of the attractive short-range interaction between nucleons. However, in the presence of two-body random interactions, the predominance of $I^π=0^+$ ground states (0 g.s.) was found to be robust both for bosons and for an even number of fermions. For simple systems, such as $d$ bosons, $sp$ bosons, $sd$ bosons, and a few fermions in single-$j$ shells for small $j$, there are a few approaches to predict and/or explain spin $I$ ground state ($I$ g.s.) probabilities. An empirical approach to predict $I$ g.s. probabilities is available for general cases, such as fermions in a single-$j$ ($j>7/2$) or many-$j$ shells and various boson systems, but a more fundamental understanding of the robustness of 0 g.s. dominance is still out of reach. Further interesting results are also reviewed concerning other robust phenomena of many-body systems in the presence of random two-body interactions, such as the odd-even staggering of binding energies, generic collectivity, the behavior of average energies, correlations, and regularities of many-body systems interacting by a displaced two-body random ensemble.
In this paper we show that a system of three fermions is exactly solvable for the case of a single-$j$ in the presence of an angular momentum-$J$ pairing interaction. On the basis of the solutions for this system, we obtain new sum rules for six-$j$ symbols. It is also found that the "non-integer" eigenvalues of three fermions with angular momentum $I$ around the maximum appear as "non-integer" eigenvalues of four fermions when $I$ is around (or larger than) $J_{\rm max}$ and the Hamiltonian contains only an interaction between pairs of fermions coupled to spin $J=J_{\rm max}=2j-1$. This pattern is also found in five and six fermion systems. A boson system with spin $l$ exhibits a similar pattern.
The $N_pN_n$ scheme, which has been extensively applied to even-even nuclei, is found to be a very good benchmark for odd-even, even-odd, and doubly-odd nuclei as well. There are no apparent shifts in the correlations for these four classes of nuclei. The compact correlations highlight the deviant behavior of the Z=78 nuclei, are used to deduce effective valence proton numbers near Z=64, and to study the evolution of the Z=64 subshell gap.
In this talk we shall show our recent results in understanding the spin$^{\rm parity}$ 0$^+$ ground state (0 g.s.) dominance of many-body systems. We propose a simple approach to predict the spin $I$ g.s. probabilities which does not require the diagonalization of a Hamiltonian with random interactions. Some findings related to the 0 g.s. dominance will also be discussed.
We investigate Hamiltonians with attractive interactions between pairs of fermions coupled to angular momentum J. We show that pairs with spin J are reasonable building blocks for the low-lying states. For systems with only a J = Jmax pairing interaction, eigenvalues are found to be approximately integers for a large array of states, in particular for those with total angular momenta I le 2j. For I=0 eigenstates of four fermions in a single-j shell we show that there is only one non-zero eigenvalue. We address these observations using the nucleon pair approximation of the shell model and relate our results with a number of currently interesting problems.
In this paper we report our systematic calculations of angular momentum $I$ ground state probabilities ($P(I)$) of boson systems with spin $l$ in the presence of random two-body interactions. It is found that the P(0) dominance is usually not true for a system with an odd number of bosons, while it is valid for an even number of bosons, which indicates that the P(0) dominance is partly connected to the even number of identical particles. It is also noticed that the $P(I_{max})$'s of bosons with spin $l$ do not follow the 1/N ($N=l+1$, referring to the number of independent two-body matrix elements) relation. The properties of the $P(I)$'s obtained in boson systems with spin $l$ are discussed.
In this paper we present the systematics of excitation energies for even-even nuclei in two regions: the 50$<$Z$\le$66, 82$<$N$\le$104 region, and the 66$<$Z$<$82, 82$<$N$\le$104 region. Using the $N_pN_n$ scheme, we obtain compact trajectories for the ground band as well as quasi-$β$ and quasi-$γ$ bands. This suggests that the $N_pN_n$ scheme is useful even if one extends it to non-yrast levels, and thus can serve as a general tool to disclose new types of structural evolution for higher excitations, besides the yrast states which have been investigated extensively. It is highlighted that deformations in non-yrast quasibands of nuclei with $Z \sim 80$ and $N \sim 104$ are often very different from those in the ground bands.
We present in this paper empirical formulas for the number of angular momentum I states for three and four identical fermions or bosons. In the cases with large I we prove that the number of states with the same ${\cal M}$ and n but different J is identical if $I \ge (n-2)J - {1/2} (n-1)(n-2)$ for fermions and $I \ge (n-2)J$ for bosons, and that the number of states is also identical for the same ${\cal M}$ but different n and J if ${\cal M} \le $min(n, 2J+1 - n) for fermions and for ${\cal M} \le $min(n, 2J) for bosons. Here ${\cal M} =I_{max}-I$, n is the particle number, and J refers to the angular momentum of a single-particle orbit for fermions, or the spin L carried by bosons.
Low-lying collective states involving many nucleons interacting by a random ensemble of two-body interactions (TBRE) are investigated in a collective SD-pair subspace, with the collective pairs defined dynamically from the two-nucleon system. It is found that in this truncated pair subspace collective vibrations arise naturally for a general TBRE hamiltonian whereas collective rotations do not. A hamiltonian restricted to include only a few randomly generated separable terms is able to produce collective rotational behavior, as long as it includes a reasonably strong quadrupole-quadrupole component. Similar results arise in the full shell model space. These results suggest that the structure of the hamiltonian is key to producing generic collective rotation.
In this paper, we discuss the angular momentum distribution in the ground states of many-body systems interacting via a two-body random ensemble. Beginning with a few simple examples, a simple approach to predict P(I)'s, angular momenta I ground state (g.s.) probabilities, of a few solvable cases, such as fermions in a small single-j shell and d boson systems, is given. This method is generalized to predict P(I)'s of more complicated cases, such as even or odd number of fermions in a large single-j shell or a many-j shell, d-boson, sd-boson or sdg-boson systems, etc. By this method we are able to tell which interactions are essential to produce a sizable P(I) in a many-body system. The g.s. probability of maximum angular momentum $I_{max}$ is discussed. An argument on the microscopic foundation of our approach, and certain matrix elements which are useful to understand the observed regularities, are also given or addressed in detail. The low seniority chain of 0 g.s. by using the same set of two-body interactions is confirmed but it is noted that contribution to the total 0 g.s. probability beyond this chain may be more important for even fermions in a single-j shell. Preliminary results by taking a displaced two-body random ensemble are presented for the I g.s. probabilities.
In this paper, we discuss the regularities of energy of each angular momentum $I$ averaged over all the states for a fixed angular momentum (denoted as $\bar{E}_I$'s) in many-body systems interacting via a two-body random ensemble. It is found that $\bar{E}_I$'s with $I \sim I_{min}$ (minimum of $I$) or $I_{max}$ have large probabilities (denoted as ${\cal P}(I)$) to be the lowest, and that ${\cal P}(I)$ is close to zero elsewhere. A simple argument based on the randomness of the two-particle cfp's is given. A compact trajectory of the energy $\bar{E}_I$ vs. $I(I+1)$ is found to be robust. Regular fluctuations of the $P(I)$ (the probability of finding $I$ to be the ground state) and ${\cal P}(I)$ of even fermions in a single-$j$ shell and boson systems are found to be reverse, and argued by the dimension fluctuation of the model space. Other regularities, such as why there are 2 or 3 sizable ${\cal P}(I)$'s with $I\sim I_{min}$ and ${\cal P}(I) \ll {\cal P}(I_{max})$'s with $I\sim I_{max}$, why the coefficients $C$ defined by $<\bar{E}_I >$=$CI(I+1)$ is sensitive to the orbits and not sensitive to particle number, are found and studied for the first time.
We point out that the time reversal invariance, which was further interpreted by Velazquez et al. using the behaviors of $E_{cI}$ and $σ_I^2$, can not be the origin of the 0 g.s. dominance, as was pointed out previously by Bijker et al, and that the discussion by Velazquez et al. using a displaced TBRE is not true in general.
We propose a simple approach to predict the angular momentum I ground state (I g.s.) probabilities of many-body systems that does not require the diagonalization of hamiltonians with random interactions. This method is found to be applicable to {\bf all} cases that have been discussed: even and odd fermion systems (both in single-j and many-j shells), and boson (both sd and sdg) systems. A simple relation for the highest angular momentum g.s. probability is found. Furthermore, it is suggested for the first time that the 0g.s. dominance in boson systems and in even-fermion systems is given by two-body interactions with specific features.
For single-$j$ shells with $j={7/2}, {9/2}$ and 11/2, we relate the large probability of $I^+$ ground states to the largest (smallest) coefficients $α^J_{I(v β)} = $, where $n$ is the particle number, $v$ is the seniority, $β$ is an additional quantum number, and $I$ is the angular momentum of the state. Interesting regularities of the probabilities of $I^+$ ground states are noticed and discussed for 4-particle systems. Several counter examples of the $0^+$ ground state (0GS) predominance are noticed for the first time.