Numerical study of the grain-growth-induced non-parabolic kinetics of a solid-state reaction
Non-parabolic growth of reaction layers is frequently observed in solid-state diffusion couples, but the relationship between microstructural evolution and the resulting kinetics remains incompletely understood. This effect is commonly attributed to grain growth, which can progressively reduce the contribution of fast grain-boundary diffusion, causing the effective diffusivity of a polycrystalline product layer to evolve during reaction. This work develops a moving-boundary diffusion model to describe product-layer growth while accounting for the local grain-growth history of the continuously formed product, as well as both bulk and grain-boundary diffusion. Numerical simulations show that the reaction can pass through three distinct kinetic regimes: an initial approximately parabolic regime dominated by grain-boundary diffusion, a transient sub-parabolic regime associated with strong spatial variation of the effective diffusivity, and a subsequent approximately parabolic regime dominated by bulk diffusion. The magnitude and duration of the sub-parabolic regime depend on the relative grain-boundary and bulk diffusivities and on the kinetics of grain growth. The instantaneous growth exponent therefore evolves continuously and does not represent a unique kinetic constant. Nevertheless, fitting simulated layer-thickness data over finite experimental time intervals produces well-defined apparent exponents, demonstrating how a transient process can appear to obey a single power law.