Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces for Resolution-Constrained Near-Field Range Extension in 6G Systems
Near-field electromagnetic focusing is central to 6G communication, sensing, and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems. However, for a fixed aperture, the resolution-constrained usable range of conventional single-layer transmissive metasurfaces is far shorter than the classical Rayleigh distance. This discrepancy stems not from fundamental near-field physics limitations, but from inadequate wavefront control, implementation imperfections, and the quadratic degradation of axial resolution with distance.To quantify this gap, we distinguish the Rayleigh distance from the engineering-usable near-field distance (UNFD), defined as the maximum range where predefined focusing gain and resolution requirements are jointly satisfied. Under identical aperture, feed, and input power constraints, we investigate how stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) extend UNFD via cascaded wavefront shaping. A unified framework combining effective-phase-distance and discrete Green's-function operator perspectives is developed, interpreting multilayer SIM design as an operator approximation problem for ideal near-field focusing.We derive low-complexity analytical models revealing an inherent distance-resolution dilemma: lateral resolution degrades linearly with distance, while axial resolution degrades quadratically, making axial performance the dominant bottleneck. Multilayer stacking mitigates this by improving wavefront curvature matching and reducing residual phase error. Engineering correction factors for practical imperfections and a higher-order phase framework for extreme near-field operation are incorporated. Numerical simulations confirm that increasing layer count pushes UNFD closer to the Rayleigh limit, but gains saturate as accumulated losses offset control flexibility benefits.