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Yajun Zhou

Publications and source records attributed to Yajun Zhou.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Two inequalities for convex equipotential surfaces

We establish two geometric inequalities, respectively, for harmonic functions in exterior Dirichlet problems, and for Green's functions in interior Dirichlet problems, where the boundary surfaces are smooth and convex. Both inequalities involve integrals over the mean curvature and the Gaussian curvature on an equipotential surface, and the normal derivative of the harmonic potential thereupon. These inequalities generalize a geometric conservation law for equipotential curves in dimension two, and offer solutions to two free boundary problems in three-dimensional electrostatics.

math.DG↗

Some geometric relations for equipotential curves

Let $U(\boldsymbol r),\boldsymbol r\inΩ\subset \mathbb R^2$ be a harmonic function that solves an exterior Dirichlet problem. If all the level sets of $U(\boldsymbol r),\boldsymbol r\inΩ$ are smooth Jordan curves, then there are several geometric inequalities that correlate the curvature $κ(\boldsymbol r) $ with the magnitude of gradient $ |\nabla U(\boldsymbol r)|$ on each level set ("equipotential curve"). One of such inequalities is $ \langle [κ(\boldsymbol r)-\langleκ(\boldsymbol r)\rangle][|\nabla U(\boldsymbol r)|-\langle |\nabla U(\boldsymbol r)|\rangle]\rangle\geq0$, where $ \langle \cdot\rangle$ denotes average over a level set, weighted by the arc length of the Jordan curve. We prove such a geometric inequality by constructing an entropy for each level set $U(\boldsymbol r)=φ$, and showing that such an entropy is convex in $φ$. The geometric inequality for $κ(\boldsymbol r) $ and $ |\nabla U(\boldsymbol r)|$ then follows from the convexity and monotonicity of our entropy formula. A few other geometric relations for equipotential curves are also built on a convexity argument.

math.DG↗

A mathematical model for universal semantics

We characterize the meaning of words with language-independent numerical fingerprints, through a mathematical analysis of recurring patterns in texts. Approximating texts by Markov processes on a long-range time scale, we are able to extract topics, discover synonyms, and sketch semantic fields from a particular document of moderate length, without consulting external knowledge-base or thesaurus. Our Markov semantic model allows us to represent each topical concept by a low-dimensional vector, interpretable as algebraic invariants in succinct statistical operations on the document, targeting local environments of individual words. These language-independent semantic representations enable a robot reader to both understand short texts in a given language (automated question-answering) and match medium-length texts across different languages (automated word translation). Our semantic fingerprints quantify local meaning of words in 14 representative languages across 5 major language families, suggesting a universal and cost-effective mechanism by which human languages are processed at the semantic level. Our protocols and source codes are publicly available on https://github.com/yajun-zhou/linguae-naturalis-principia-mathematica

cs.CL↗

On Borwein's conjectures for planar uniform random walks

Let $ p_n(x)=\int_0^\infty J_0(xt)[J_0(t)]^n xt\,\mathrm{d}\, t$ be Kluyver's probability density for $n$-step uniform random walks in the Euclidean plane. Through connection to a similar problem in 2-dimensional quantum field theory, we evaluate the third-order derivative $ p_5'''(0^{+})$ in closed form, thereby giving a new proof for a conjecture of J. M. Borwein. By further analogies to Feynman diagrams in quantum field theory, we demonstrate that $ p_n(x),0\leq x\leq 1$ admits a uniformly convergent Maclaurin expansion for all odd integers $ n\geq5$, thus settling another conjecture of Borwein.

math.CA↗

Symmetries of certain double integrals related to Hall effect devices

One encounters iterated elliptic integrals in the study of Hall effect devices, as a result of conformal mappings of Schwarz--Christoffel type. Some of these double elliptic integrals possess amazing symmetries with regard to the physical parameters of the underlying Hall effect devices. We give a unified mathematical treatment of such symmetric double integrals, in the context of Hall effect devices with three and four contacts.

math-ph↗

Wrońskian factorizations and Broadhurst-Mellit determinant formulae

Drawing on Vanhove's contributions to mixed Hodge structures for Feynman integrals in two-di\-men\-sion\-al quantum field theory, we compute two families of determinants whose entries are Bessel moments. Via explicit factorizations of certain Wrońskian determinants, we verify two recent conjectures proposed by Broadhurst and Mellit, concerning determinants of arbitrary sizes. With some extensions to our methods, we also relate two more determinants of Broadhurst--Mellit to the logarithmic Mahler measures of certain polynomials.

math.CA↗

On Laporta's 4-loop sunrise formulae

We prove Laporta's conjecture\begin{align*}&\int_0^\infty\frac{\mathrm d\, x_1}{x_1}\int_0^\infty\frac{\mathrm d\, x_2}{x_2}\int_0^\infty\frac{\mathrm d\, x_3}{x_3}\int_0^\infty\frac{\mathrm d\, x_4}{x_4}\frac{1}{\left(1+\sum^4_{k=1}x_k\right)\left(1+\sum^4_{k=1}\frac{1}{x_{k}} \right)-1}\\={}&\frac43 \int_{0}^π\mathrm d\, ϕ_1 \int_{0}^π\mathrm d\, ϕ_2\int_{0}^π\mathrm d\, ϕ_3 \int_{0}^π\mathrm d\, ϕ_4\frac{1}{4-\sum_{k=1}^4\cos ϕ_k}, \end{align*} which relates the 4-loop sunrise diagram in 2-dimensional quantum field theory to Watson's integral for 4-dimensional hypercubic lattice. We also establish several related integral identities proposed by Laporta, including a reduction of the 4-loop sunrise diagram to special values of Euler's gamma function and generalized hypergeometric series:\begin{align*} \frac{4 π^{5/2}}{\sqrt{3}}\left\{ \frac{\sqrt{3} }{2^6 }\left[\frac{Γ\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}{\sqrtπ}\right]^9\, _4F_3\left(\left. \begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{2}\\[4pt]\frac{2}{3},\frac{5}{6},\frac{5}{6}\end{array} \right|1\right)-\frac{2^{4}}{3}\left[\frac{\sqrtπ}{Γ\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)}\right]^9\, _4F_3\left(\left. \begin{array}{c}\frac{1}{2},\frac{2}{3},\frac{2}{3},\frac{5}{6}\\[4pt]\frac{7}{6},\frac{7}{6},\frac{4}{3}\end{array} \right|1\right) \right\}. \end{align*}

math.CA↗

Wick rotations, Eichler integrals, and multi-loop Feynman diagrams

Using contour deformations and integrations over modular forms, we compute certain Bessel moments arising from diagrammatic expansions in two-dimensional quantum field theory. We evaluate these Feynman integrals as either explicit constants or critical values of modular $L$-series, and verify several recent conjectures of Broadhurst.

math.NT↗

Hilbert Transforms and Sum Rules of Bessel Moments

Using Hilbert transforms, we establish two families of sum rules involving Bessel moments, which are integrals associated with Feynman diagrams in two-dimensional quantum field theory. With these linear relations among Bessel moments, we verify and generalize two conjectures by Bailey-Borwein-Broadhurst-Glasser and Broadhurst-Mellit.

math.CA↗

Two Definite Integrals Involving Products of Four Legendre Functions

The definite integrals $ \int_{-1}^1x[P_ν(x)]^4\,\mathrm{d} x$ and $ \int_{0}^1x[P_ν(x)]^2\{[P_ν(x)]^2-[P_ν(-x)]^2\}\,\mathrm{d} x$ are evaluated in closed form, where $ P_ν$ stands for the Legendre function of degree $ ν\in\mathbb C$. Special cases of these integral formulae have appeared in arithmetic studies of automorphic Green's functions and Epstein zeta functions.

math.CA↗

A Functional Identity involving Elliptic Integrals

We show that the following double integral \[\int_{0}^π{\rm d}x \int_0^x {\rm d}y \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-\smash[b]{p}\cos x}\sqrt{1+\smash[b]{q\cos y}}}\]remains invariant as one trades the parameters $p$ and $q$ for $p'=\sqrt{1-p^2}$ and $q'=\sqrt{1-q^2}$ respectively. This invariance property is suggested from symmetry considerations in the operating characterstics of a semiconductor Hall-effect device.

math-ph↗

Kontsevich-Zagier Integrals for Automorphic Green's Functions. II

We introduce interaction entropies, which can be represented as logarithmic couplings of certain cycles on a class of algebraic curves of arithmetic interest. In particular, via interaction entropies for Legendre-Ramanujan curves $ Y^n=(1-X)^{n-1}X(1-αX)$ ($ n\in\{6,4,3,2\}$), we reformulate the Kontsevich-Zagier integral representations of weight-4 automorphic Green's functions $ G_2^{\mathfrak H/\overline{\varGamma}_0(N)}(z_1,z_2)$ ($N=4\sin^2(π/n )\in\{1,2,3,4\}$), in a geometric context. These geometric entropies allow us to establish algebraic relations between certain weight-4 automorphic self-energies and special values of weight-6 automorphic Green's functions.

math.NT↗

Ramanujan Series for Epstein Zeta Functions

In the spirit of Ramanujan, we derive exponentially fast convergent series for Epstein zeta functions $ E^{\varGamma_0(N)}(z,s)$ on the Hecke congruence groups $ \varGamma_0(N),N\in\mathbb Z_{>0}$, where $z$ is an arbitrary point in the upper half-plane $ \mathfrak H$, and $s\in\mathbb Z_{>1}$. These Ramanujan series can be reformulated as integrations of modular forms, in the framework of Eichler integrals. Particular cases of these Eichler integrals recover part of the recent results reported by Wan and Zucker (arXiv:1410.7081v1).

math.CA↗

Kontsevich-Zagier Integrals for Automorphic Green's Functions. I

In the framework of Kontsevich-Zagier periods, we derive integral representations for weight-$k$ automorphic Green's functions invariant under modular transformations in $\varGamma_0(N)$ ($N\in\mathbb Z_{\geq1} $), provided that there are no cusp forms on the respective Hecke congruence groups with an even integer weight $k\geq4$. These Kontsevich-Zagier integral representations for automorphic Green's functions give explicit formulae for certain Eichler-Shimura maps connecting Eichler cohomology to Maaß cusp forms. We construct integral representations for weight-4 Gross-Zagier renormalized Green's functions (automorphic self-energy) from limit scenarios of the respective Kontsevich-Zagier integrals. We reduce the weight-4 automorphic self-energy on $ X_0(4)(\mathbb C)=\varGamma_0(4)\setminus\mathfrak H^*$ to an explicit form, which supports an algebraicity conjecture of Gross and Zagier.

math.CA↗

On Some Integrals Over the Product of Three Legendre Functions

The definite integrals $ \int_{-1}^1(1-x^2)^{(ν-1)/2}[P_ν(x)]^3\D x$, $ \int_{-1}^1(1-x^2)^{(ν-1)/2}[P_ν(x)]^2P_ν(-x)\D x$, $\int_{-1}^1x(1-x^2)^{(ν-1)/2}[P_{ν+1}(x)]^3\D x $ and $\int_{-1}^1x(1-x^2)^{(ν-1)/2}[P_{ν+1}(x)]^2P_{ν+1}(-x)\D x $ are evaluated in closed form, where $P_ν$ is the Legendre function of degree $ν$, and $ \Rν>-1$. Special cases of these formulae are related to certain integrals over elliptic integrals that have arithmetic interest.

math.CA↗

Legendre Functions, Spherical Rotations, and Multiple Elliptic Integrals

A closed-form formula is derived for the generalized Clebsch-Gordan integral $ \int_{-1}^1 {[}P_ν(x){]}^2P_ν(-x)\D x$, with $ P_ν$ being the Legendre function of arbitrary complex degree $ ν\in\mathbb C$. The finite Hilbert transform of $ P_ν(x)P_ν(-x),-1<x<1$ is evaluated. An analytic proof is provided for a recently conjectured identity $\int_0^1[\mathbf K(\sqrt{1-k^2})]^{3}\D k=6\int_0^1[\mathbf K(k)]^2\mathbf K(\sqrt{1-k^2})k\D k=[Γ(1/4)]^{8}/(128π^2) $ involving complete elliptic integrals of the first kind $ \mathbf K(k)$ and Euler's gamma function $ Γ(z)$.

math.CA↗

A Simple Formula for Scalar Curvature of Level Sets in Euclidean Spaces

A simple formula is derived for the Ricci scalar curvature of any smooth level set ${ψ(x_0,x_1,...,x_n)=C}$ embedded in the Euclidean space $ \mathbb R^{n+1}$, in terms of the gradient $ \nablaψ$ and the Laplacian $ Δψ$. Some applications are given to the geometry of low-dimensional $p$-harmonic functions and high-dimensional harmonic functions.

math.DG↗