Differentiable Iterative Learning Control for Black-Box Position-Commanded Manipulators
High-accuracy repetitive tracking is challenging for position-commanded manipulators whose low-level controllers are inaccessible, while constrained model-based iterative learning control (ILC) can require substantial manual parameter tuning. We present Differentiable Iterative Learning Control (Diff-ILC), an online bilevel framework that adapts the parameters of a constrained ILC update between physical robot executions. A closed-loop differential model is identified once from paired smooth perturbations and subsequently kept fixed. At each trial, a constrained quadratic program computes a feasible command correction, while a real-anchored next-trial prediction defines a task-level objective. Hypergradients are obtained by implicitly differentiating the locally active KKT system, enabling multiple computational parameter updates without additional robot executions. Experiments on a 6-DoF DOBOT CR3 across unseen planar and three-dimensional trajectories show substantially faster physical-trial convergence than fixed-parameter model-based ILC. Across the four primary trajectories, after only two trial-to-trial updates, Diff-ILC achieves 78.8% and 76.4% lower mean joint-vector and Cartesian RMSE, respectively, than fixed-parameter model-based ILC.