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Yan Xu

Publications and source records attributed to Yan Xu.

At least 307 records · Page 17Linked to original sources

Numerically Fitting The Electron Fermi Energy and The Electron Fraction in A Neutron Star

Based on the basic definition of Fermi energy of degenerate and relativistic electrons, we obtain a special solution to electron Fermi energy, $E_{\rm F}(e)$, and express $E_{\rm F}(e)$ as a function of electron fraction, $Y_{e}$, and matter density, $ρ$. Several useful analytical formulae for $Y_{e}$ and $ρ$ within classical models and the work of Dutra et al. 2014 (Type-2) in relativistic mean field theory are obtained using numerically fitting. When describing the mean-field Lagrangian, density, we adopt the TMA parameter set, which is remarkably consistent with with the updated astrophysical observations of neutron stars. Due to the importance of the density dependence of the symmetry energy, $S$, in nuclear astrophysics, a brief discussion on the symmetry parameters $S_v$ and $L$ (the slope of $S$) is presented. Combining these fit formulae with boundary conditions for different density regions, we can evaluate the value of $E_{\rm F}(e)$ in any given matter density, and obtain a schematic diagram of $E_{\rm F}(e)$ as a continuous function of $ρ$. Compared with previous study on the electron Fermi energy in other models, our methods of calculating $E_{\rm F}(e)$ are more simple and convenient, and can be universally suitable for the relativistic electron regions in the circumstances of common neutron stars. We have deduced a general expression of $E_{\rm F}(e)$ and $n_{e}$, which could be used to indirectly test whether one EoS of a NS is correct in our future studies on neutron star matter properties. Since URCA reactions are expected in the center of a massive star due to high-value electron Fermi energy and electron fraction, this study could be useful in the future studies on the NS thermal evolution.

astro-ph.HE↗

Ultra-narrow Negative Flare Front Observed in Helium-10830~Å using the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope

Solar flares are sudden flashes of brightness on the Sun and are often associated with coronal mass ejections and solar energetic particles which have adverse effects in the near Earth environment. By definition, flares are usually referred to bright features resulting from excess emission. Using the newly commissioned 1.6~m New Solar Telescope at Big Bear Solar Observatory, here we show a striking "negative" flare with a narrow, but unambiguous "dark" moving front observed in He I 10830 Å, which is as narrow as 340 km and is associated with distinct spectral characteristics in H-alpha and Mg II lines. Theoretically, such negative contrast in He I 10830 Å can be produced under special circumstances, by nonthermal-electron collisions, or photoionization followed by recombination. Our discovery, made possible due to unprecedented spatial resolution, confirms the presence of the required plasma conditions and provides unique information in understanding the energy release and radiative transfer in astronomical objects.

astro-ph.SR↗

Structure, Stability, and Evolution of Magnetic Flux Ropes from the Perspective of Magnetic Twist

We investigate the evolution of NOAA Active Region 11817 during 2013 August 10--12, when it developed a complex field configuration and produced four confined, followed by two eruptive, flares. These C-and-above flares are all associated with a magnetic flux rope (MFR) located along the major polarity inversion line, where shearing and converging photospheric flows are present. Aided by the nonlinear force-free field modeling, we identify the MFR through mapping magnetic connectivities and computing the twist number $\mathcal{T}_w$ for each individual field line. The MFR is moderately twisted ($|\mathcal{T}_w| < 2$) and has a well-defined boundary of high squashing factor $Q$. We found that the field line with the extremum $|\mathcal{T}_w|$ is a reliable proxy of the rope axis, and that the MFR's peak $|\mathcal{T}_w|$ temporarily increases within half an hour before each flare while it decreases after the flare peak for both confined and eruptive flares. This pre-flare increase in $|\mathcal{T}_w|$ has little effect on the active region's free magnetic energy or any other parameters derived for the whole region, due to its moderate amount and the MFR's relatively small volume, while its decrease after flares is clearly associated with the stepwise decrease in free magnetic energy due to the flare. We suggest that $\mathcal{T}_w$ may serve as a useful parameter in forewarning the onset of eruption, and therefore, the consequent space weather effects. The helical kink instability is identified as the prime candidate onset mechanism for the considered flares.

astro-ph.SR↗

Validation Of The Coronal Thick Target Source Model

We present detailed 3D modeling of a dense, coronal thick target X-ray flare using the GX Simulator tool, photospheric magnetic measurements, and microwave imaging and spectroscopy data. The developed model offers a remarkable agreement between the synthesized and observed spectra and images in both X-ray and microwave domains, which validates the entire model. The flaring loop parameters are chosen to reproduce the emission measure, temperature, and the nonthermal electron distribution at low energies derived from the X-ray spectral fit, while the remaining parameters, unconstrained by the X-ray data, are selected such as to match the microwave images and total power spectra. The modeling suggests that the accelerated electrons are trapped in the coronal part of the flaring loop, but away from where the magnetic field is minimal, and, thus, demonstrates that the data are clearly inconsistent with electron magnetic trapping in the weak diffusion regime mediated by the Coulomb collisions. Thus, the modeling supports the interpretation of the coronal thick-target sources as sites of electron acceleration in flares and supplies us with a realistic 3D model with physical parameters of the acceleration region and flaring loop.

astro-ph.SR↗

The K giant stars from the LAMOST survey data II: the Hercules stream in radial migration

We estimate the age for the individual stars located at the lower part of the red giant branch from the LAMOST DR2 K giant sample. Taking into account the selection effects and the volume completeness, the age--metallicity map for the stars located between 0.3 and 1.5 kpc from the Sun is obtained. A significant substructure (denoted as the \it{narrow stripe}) located from (age, [Fe/H])$\sim$(5, 0.4) to (10 Gyr, -0.4 dex) in the age--metallicity map is clearly identified. Moreover, the \it{narrow stripe} stars are found the dominate contributors to several velocity substructures, including the well-known Hercules stream. The substantially large difference between the observed guiding-center radii and the birth radii inferred from the age--metallicity relation is evident that the \it{narrow stripe} stars have been radially migrated from about R$\sim4$ kpc to the solar neighborhood. This implies that the Hercules stream may not be owe to the resonance associated with the bar, but may be the kinematic imprint of the inner disk and later moved out due to radial migration. We estimate that the traveling speed of the radial migration are roughly 1.1$\pm0.1$ kpc Gyr$^{-1}$, equivalent with about $1.1\pm0.1$ km s$^{-1}$. This is in agreement with the median $v_R$ of $2.6^{+1.8}_{-1.9}$ km s$^{-1}$ of the \it{narrow stripe}. We also obtain that about one third stars in the solar neighborhood are radially migrated from around 4 kpc. Finally, we find that the radial migration does not lead to additional disk thickening according to the distribution of $z_{max}$.

astro-ph.GA↗

Discriminative Neural Sentence Modeling by Tree-Based Convolution

This paper proposes a tree-based convolutional neural network (TBCNN) for discriminative sentence modeling. Our models leverage either constituency trees or dependency trees of sentences. The tree-based convolution process extracts sentences' structural features, and these features are aggregated by max pooling. Such architecture allows short propagation paths between the output layer and underlying feature detectors, which enables effective structural feature learning and extraction. We evaluate our models on two tasks: sentiment analysis and question classification. In both experiments, TBCNN outperforms previous state-of-the-art results, including existing neural networks and dedicated feature/rule engineering. We also make efforts to visualize the tree-based convolution process, shedding light on how our models work.

cs.CL↗

Rings and Radial Waves in the Disk of the Milky Way

We show that in the anticenter region, between Galactic longitudes of $110^\circ<l<229^\circ$, there is an oscillating asymmetry in the main sequence star counts on either side of the Galactic plane using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This asymmetry oscillates from more stars in the north at distances of about 2 kpc from the Sun to more stars in the south at 4-6 kpc from the Sun to more stars in the north at distances of 8-10 kpc from the Sun. We also see evidence that there are more stars in the south at distances of 12-16 kpc from the Sun. The three more distant asymmetries form roughly concentric rings around the Galactic center, opening in the direction of the Milky Way's spiral arms. The northern ring, 9 kpc from the Sun, is easily identified with the previously discovered Monoceros Ring. Parts of the southern ring at 14 kpc from the Sun (which we call the TriAnd Ring) have previously been identified as related to the Monoceros Ring and others have been called the Triangulum Andromeda Overdensity. The two nearer oscillations are approximated by a toy model in which the disk plane is offset by of the order 100 pc up and then down at different radii. We also show that the disk is not azimuthally symmetric around the Galactic anticenter and that there could be a correspondence between our observed oscillations and the spiral structure of the Galaxy. Our observations suggest that the TriAnd and Monoceros Rings (which extend to at least 25 kpc from the Galactic center) are primarily the result of disk oscillations.

astro-ph.GA↗

The effects of delta mesons on the baryonic direct Urca processes in neutron star matter

In the framework of relativistic mean field theory, the relativistic neutrino emissivity of the nucleonic and hyperonic direct Urca processes in the degenerate baryon matter of neutron stars are studied. We investigate particularly the influence of the isovector scalar interaction which is considered by exchanging $δ$ meson on the nucleonic and hyperonic direct Urca processes. The results indicate that $δ$ mesons lead to obvious enhancement of the total neutrino emissivity, which must result in more rapid cooling rate of neutron star matter.

astro-ph.HE↗

Asymptotic properties of biorthogonal polynomials systems related to Hermite and Laguerre polynomials

In this paper, the structures to a family of biorthogonal polynomials that approximate to the Hermite and Generalized Laguerre polynomials are discussed respectively. Therefore, the asymptotic relation between several orthogonal polynomials and combinatorial polynomials are derived from the systems, which in turn verify the Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials. As the applications of these properties, the asymptotic representations of the generalized Buchholz, Laguerre, Ultraspherical(Gegenbauer), Bernoulli, Euler, Meixner and Meixner-Pllaczekare polynomials are derived from the theorems directly. The relationship between Bernoulli and Euler polynomials are shown as a special case of the characterization theorem of the Appell sequence generated by $α$ scaling functions.

math.CA↗

The velocity distribution in the solar neighbourhood from the LAMOST pilot survey

We use about 15,000 F/G nearby dwarf stars selected from the LAMOST pilot survey to map the U-V velocity distribution in the solar neighbourhood. An extreme deconvolution algorithm is applied to reconstruct an empirical multi-Gaussian model. In addition to the well known substructures, e.g., Sirius, Coma Berenices, Hyades-Pleiades over-densities, several new substructures are unveiled. A ripple-like structure from (U, V) = (-120, -5) to (103, -32)km/s is clearly seen in the U-V distribution. This structure seems associated with resonance induced by the Galactic bar, since it is extended in U while having a small dispersion in V at the same time. A ridge structure between (U, V) = (-60, 40) and (-15, 15) km/s is also found. Although similar substructures have been seen in the Hipparcos data, their origin is still unclear. Another compact over-density is seen at (U, V) = (-102, -24). With this large data sample, we find that the substructure located at V~70 km/s and the Arcturus group are essentially parallel in V, which may indicate that they originate from an unrelaxed disk component perturbed by the rotating bar.

astro-ph.GA↗

Global Energetics of Solar Flares: I. Magnetic Energies

We present the first part of a project on the global energetics of solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that includes about 400 M- and X-class flares observed with AIA and HMI onboard SDO. We calculate the potential energy, free energy, and the flare-dissipated magnetic energy. We calculate these magnetic parameters using two different NLFFF codes: The COR-NLFFF code uses the line-of-sight magnetic field component $B_z$ from HMI to define the potential field, and the 2D coordinates of automatically detected coronal loops in 6 coronal wavelengths from AIA to measure the helical twist of coronal loops caused by vertical currents, while the PHOT-NLFFF code extrapolates the photospheric 3D vector fields. We find agreement between the two codes in the measurement of free energies and dissipated energies within a factor of $ \approx 3$. The size distributions of magnetic parameters exhibit powerlaw slopes that are approximately consistent with the fractal-diffusive self-organized criticality model. The magnetic parameters exhibit scaling laws for the nonpotential energy, $E_{np} \propto E_p^{1.02}$, for the free energy, $E_{free} \propto E_p^{1.7}$ and $E_{free} \propto B_φ^{1.0} L^{1.5}$, for the dissipated energy, $E_{diss} \propto E_p^{1.6}$ and $E_{diss} \propto E_{free}^{0.9}$, and the energy dissipation volume, $V \propto E_{diss}^{1.2}$. The potential energies vary in the range of $E_p = 1 \times 10^{31} - 4 \times 10^{33}$ erg, while the free energy has a ratio of $E_{free}/E_p \approx 1%-25%$. The Poynting flux amounts to $F_{flare} \approx 5 \times 10^{8} - 10^{10}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ during flares, which averages to $F_{AR} \approx 6 \times 10^6$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ during the entire observation period and is comparable with the coronal heating rate requirement in active regions.

astro-ph.SR↗

Building Program Vector Representations for Deep Learning

Deep learning has made significant breakthroughs in various fields of artificial intelligence. Advantages of deep learning include the ability to capture highly complicated features, weak involvement of human engineering, etc. However, it is still virtually impossible to use deep learning to analyze programs since deep architectures cannot be trained effectively with pure back propagation. In this pioneering paper, we propose the "coding criterion" to build program vector representations, which are the premise of deep learning for program analysis. Our representation learning approach directly makes deep learning a reality in this new field. We evaluate the learned vector representations both qualitatively and quantitatively. We conclude, based on the experiments, the coding criterion is successful in building program representations. To evaluate whether deep learning is beneficial for program analysis, we feed the representations to deep neural networks, and achieve higher accuracy in the program classification task than "shallow" methods, such as logistic regression and the support vector machine. This result confirms the feasibility of deep learning to analyze programs. It also gives primary evidence of its success in this new field. We believe deep learning will become an outstanding technique for program analysis in the near future.

cs.SE↗

Singlet pairing gaps of neutrons and protons in hyperonic neutron stars

The $^{1}S_{0}$ nucleonic superfluids are investigated within the relativistic mean-field model and Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory in hyperonic neutron stars. The $^{1}S_{0}$ pairing gaps of neutrons and protons are calculated based on the Reid soft-core interaction as the nucleon-nucleon interaction. We have studied particularly the influence of hyperons degrees of freedom on the $^{1}S_{0}$ nucleonic pairing gap in neutron star matter. It is found that the appearance of hyperons has little impact on baryonic density range and size for the $^{1}S_{0}$ neutronic pairing gap, the $^{1}S_{0}$ protonic pairing gap also decreases slightly in this region $ρ_B=0.0-0.393$ fm$^{-3}$. However, if baryonic density becomes greater than 0.393 fm${^{-3}}$, the $^{1}S_{0}$ protonic pairing gap obviously increases. In addition, the protonic superfluid range is obviously enlarged due to the presence of hyperons. In our results, the hyperons change the $^{1}S_{0}$ protonic pairing gap which must change the cooling properties of neutron stars.

astro-ph.HE↗

Two-dimensional balanced sampling plans avoiding adjacent units

Hedayat et al. first introduced balanced sampling plans for the exclusion of contiguous units. Wright detailed the results of a preliminary investigation of two-dimensional balanced sampling plans avoiding adjacent units (2-BSAs), and pointed out explicitly three types of 2-BSAs, which have different adjacency scheme, namely "Row and Column", "Sharing a Border" and "Island". This paper will provide more details for the three types of 2-BSAs from the point of view of design theory.

math.CO↗

Comparison of Emission Properties of two Homologous Flares in AR 11283

Large, complex, active regions may produce multiple flares within a certain period of one or two days. These flares could occur in the same location with similar morphologies, commonly referred to as homologous flares. In 2011 September, active region NOAA 11283 produced a pair of homologous flares on the 6th and 7th, respectively. Both of them were white-light (WL) flares, as captured by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory in visible continuum at 617.3 nm which is believed to originate from the deep solar atmosphere.We investigate the WL emission of these X-class flares with HMIs seeing-free imaging spectroscopy. The durations of impulsive peaks in the continuum are about 4 minutes. We compare the WL with hard X-ray (HXR) observations for the September 6 flare and find a good correlation between the continuum and HXR both spatially and temporally. In absence of RHESSI data during the second flare on September 7, the derivative of the GOES soft X-ray is used and also found to be well correlated temporally with the continuum. We measure the contrast enhancements, characteristic sizes, and HXR fluxes of the twin flares, which are similar for both flares, indicating analogous triggering and heating processes. However, the September 7 flare was associated with conspicuous sunquake signals whereas no seismic wave was detected during the flare on September 6. Therefore, this comparison suggests that the particle bombardment may not play a dominant role in producing the sunquake events studied in this paper.

astro-ph.SR↗

The K giant stars from the LAMOST survey data I: identification, metallicity, and distance

We present a support vector machine classifier to identify the K giant stars from the LAMOST survey directly using their spectral line features. The completeness of the identification is about 75% for tests based on LAMOST stellar parameters. The contamination in the identified K giant sample is lower than 2.5%. Applying the classification method to about 2 million LAMOST spectra observed during the pilot survey and the first year survey, we select 298,036 K giant candidates. The metallicities of the sample are also estimated with uncertainty of $0.13\sim0.29$\,dex based on the equivalent widths of Mg$_{\rm b}$ and iron lines. A Bayesian method is then developed to estimate the posterior probability of the distance for the K giant stars, based on the estimated metallicity and 2MASS photometry. The synthetic isochrone-based distance estimates have been calibrated using 7 globular clusters with a wide range of metallicities. The uncertainty of the estimated distance modulus at $K=11$\,mag, which is the median brightness of the K giant sample, is about 0.6\,mag, corresponding to $\sim30$% in distance. As a scientific verification case, the trailing arm of the Sagittarius stream is clearly identified with the selected K giant sample. Moreover, at about 80\,kpc from the Sun, we use our K giant stars to confirm a detection of stream members near the apo-center of the trailing tail. These rediscoveries of the features of the Sagittarius stream illustrate the potential of the LAMOST survey for detecting substructures in the halo of the Milky Way.

astro-ph.GA↗

Architecture of the Florida Power Grid as a Complex Network

We study the Florida high-voltage power grid as a technological network embedded in space. Measurements of geographical lengths of transmission lines, the mixing of generators and loads, the weighted clustering coefficient, as well as the organization of edge conductance weights show a complex architecture quite different from random-graph models usually considered. In particular, we introduce a parametrized mixing matrix to characterize the mixing pattern of generators and loads in the Florida Grid, which is intermediate between the random mixing case and the semi-bipartite case where generator-generator transmission lines are forbidden. Our observations motivate an investigation of optimization (design) principles leading to the structural organization of power grids. We thus propose two network optimization models for the Florida Grid as a case study. Our results show that the Florida Grid is optimized not only by reducing the construction cost (measured by the total length of power lines), but also through reducing the total pairwise edge resistance in the grid, which increases the robustness of power transmission between generators and loads against random line failures. We then embed our models in spatial areas of different aspect ratios and study how this geometric factor affects the network structure, as well as the box-counting fractal dimension of the grids generated by our models.

physics.soc-ph↗

Study of Two Successive Three-Ribbon Solar Flares on 2012 July 6

This Letter reports two rarely observed three-ribbon flares (M1.9 and C9.2) on 2012 July 6 in NOAA AR 11515, which we found with Halpha observations of 0.1" resolution from the New Solar Telescope and CaII H images from Hinode. The flaring site is characterized with an intriguing "fish-bone-like" morphology evidenced by both Halpha images and a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) extrapolation, where two semi-parallel rows of low-lying, sheared loops connect an elongated, parasitic negative field with the sandwiching positive fields. The NLFFF model also shows that the two rows of loops are asymmetric in height and have opposite twists, and are enveloped by large-scale field lines including open fields. The two flares occurred in succession in half an hour and are located at the two ends of the flaring region. The three ribbons of each flare run parallel to the PIL, with the outer two lying in the positive field and the central one in the negative field. Both flares show surge-like flows in Halpha apparently toward the remote region, while the C9.2 flare is also accompanied by EUV jets possibly along the open field lines. Interestingly, the 12-25 keV hard X-ray sources of the C9.2 flare first line up with the central ribbon then shift to concentrate on the top of the higher branch of loops. These results are discussed in favor of reconnection along the coronal null-line producing the three flare ribbons and the associated ejections.

astro-ph.SR↗