Amplitude-Defect Mediated Transition to Partial Incoherence -- From Experiment to Theory
Phase-only models have contributed significantly to the understanding of synchronization; however, they do not account for dynamical scenarios where amplitude dynamics matter. This study identifies an amplitude-mediated transition from complete frequency coherence to partial incoherence, observed both in an electrochemical silicon-etching experiment and within a population of globally coupled heterogeneous Stuart-Landau oscillators. Strong coupling introduces a bimodal-amplitude distribution from which the transition to partial incoherence is triggered by successive secondary Hopf bifurcations in low-amplitude oscillators. When these modulations cause oscillators to experience amplitude defects, the winding number changes, converting the secondary frequency into a new, oscillator-specific mean frequency. This mechanism results in a partially incoherent state, in which one amplitude group maintains frequency locking while another develops a dispersed frequency branch. These findings demonstrate that amplitude defects offer a pathway to incoherence that phase-only models cannot capture.