Long-Range Repulsion Between Chromosomes in Mammalian Oocyte Spindles
During eukaryotic cell division, a microtubule-based structure called the spindle exerts forces on chromosomes, thereby organizing and segregating them Extensive work demonstrates that the forces acting parallel to the spindle axis, including those responsible for separating sister chromatids, are generated by microtubule polymerization and depolymerization, and molecular-motors. In contrast, little is known about the forces acting perpendicular to the spindle axis, which determine the configuration of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, and thus impact nuclear localization and rates of segregation errors. Here, we use quantitative live-cell microscopy to show that metaphase chromosomes are spatially anti-correlated in mouse oocyte spindles, indicating the existence of hitherto unknown long-range forces acting perpendicular to the spindle axis. We explain this observation by first demonstrating that the spindle's microtubule network behaves as a nematic liquid crystal, and then arguing that deformation of the nematic field around embedded chromosomes causes long-range repulsion between them. Our work highlights the surprising relevance of materials physics in understanding the structure, dynamics, and mechanics of cellular structures, and presents a novel and potentially generic mode of chromosome organization in large spindles.