Self-similar structure of non-isothermal variable-density mushy Stefan problems and an improved low-Mach enthalpy method
The enthalpy method was introduced in the late 1970s to simulate phase-change problems on fixed grids without explicitly tracking the moving phase-change front. It remains one of the most widely used approaches in academic and commercial software for the simulation of industrial melting and solidification processes. For pure phase-change materials (PCMs) that melt or solidify at a single temperature, the enthalpy method introduces an artificial mushy region bounded by the solidus temperature, $T^{\rm sol}$, and the liquidus temperature, $T^{\rm liq}$. As the numerical parameter $ΔT=T^{\rm liq}- T^{\rm sol}$ approaches zero, the solution obtained with the enthalpy method is generally assumed to converge to that of the classical Stefan problem, in which the phase-change front is infinitesimally thin. This assumption is largely based on benchmark studies performed under the simplifying assumption of equal solid and liquid densities. In this work, we systematically investigate the accuracy and spatio-temporal convergence properties of the enthalpy method for both low- and high-density-ratio phase-change problems. Because the limiting behavior $ΔT\rightarrow0$ is difficult to realize numerically, owing to the diminishing thickness of the mushy region, we formulate and analyze the finite-$ΔT$ mushy Stefan problem solved by the enthalpy method. We show that this problem possesses a self-similar structure that reduces the governing equations to a boundary-value problem involving two unknown parameters. The theoretical analysis also enables improvements to our previously developed low-Mach enthalpy method, enhancing its stability and accuracy as the density ratio between the two phases increases from $\mathcal{O}(1)$ to $\mathcal{O}(3)$.