arXiv subjects

Yi-Hao Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Yi-Hao Chen.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

EF1-Constrained Nash Social Welfare with Identical Additive Valuations: Complexity, Guarantees, and Experiments

We study the allocation of indivisible goods among agents with identical additive valuations, focusing on envy-freeness up to one good (EF1) and Nash social welfare (NSW). Since every maximum-NSW allocation is EF1 under additive valuations, the associated threshold problem inherits the known strong NP-hardness of NSW maximization under identical additive valuations and is strongly NP-complete. We therefore focus on welfare guarantees satisfied by arbitrary EF1 allocations. Although every such allocation is known to achieve an $e^{-1/e}$-approximation to the unrestricted optimal NSW, we identify conditions yielding stronger guarantees. Under uniform valuations, every EF1 allocation is NSW-optimal. Under an $\varepsilon$-small-item condition, every EF1 allocation achieves an explicit approximation ratio $ρ_n(\varepsilon)$ satisfying $ρ_n(\varepsilon) = 1-O(\varepsilon^2)$ as $\varepsilon\to 0$ for fixed $n$. We further consider the stronger sequential requirement that $\operatorname{EF1}$ be maintained after every item assignment. For this setting, we introduce \emph{PriorityNet}, a deep reinforcement learning framework trained with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and equipped with prospective $\operatorname{EF1}$ action masking, which guarantees prefix-wise $\operatorname{EF1}$ by construction. Across 3,000 test instances in each of the offline full-information and random-order online regimes ($n\in[2,20]$, $m\in[5,100]$), PriorityNet achieves mean normalized $\operatorname{NSW}$ values of $0.9911$ and $0.9701$, respectively. Relative to the offline Longest Processing Time (LPT) heuristic and the online least-valued-bundle rule, it attains instance-wise win-minus-loss rates of $+27.10\%$ and $+17.87\%$. Its aggregate welfare matches the offline LPT baseline to four decimal places and modestly improves upon the online baseline, from $0.9694$ to $0.9701$.

cs.GT↗

arXiv2026

Analysis and control of Raman phonon dynamics for enhanced optical frequency conversion

Raman phonons are quantized molecular motions that arise from the inelastic scattering of light and mediate a wide range of spectroscopic and nonlinear optical phenomena. These can play a major role in frequency-conversion processes, but commonly-used theoretical treatments based on the Raman gain spectrum largely neglect the phonons and their dynamical interaction with the field. In this work, we clarify the physical role of Raman phonons within a recently-developed time-domain framework based on the Raman-induced index modulation, and show that phonons correspond to the oscillatory component of the Raman-induced index modulation. The analysis further reveals a linear phonon-mediated interaction embedded within Raman scattering, in which optical fields couple through wave-vector matching with existing phonons. This mechanism underlies, but has been neglected in, coherent Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering, as well as molecular modulation. Building on this insight, we introduce a phonon-controlled approach that enables efficient conversion into a selected Stokes order by tuning the wave-vector-matching relation between the driven phonons and the targeted Raman process, and we confirm the approach by numerical simulations that consider realistic Raman dynamics. These results provide a clearer physical interpretation of Raman phonons and their dynamics, and offer new strategies for controlling Raman interactions.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Partial parabolic amplification in rare-earth-doped optical fiber

Nonlinear amplification is a powerful technique for generating ultrashort laser pulses with high peak power in fiber systems. However, the diversity of nonlinear amplification approaches and their inherent complexities present significant challenges to achieving a unified understanding and further scaling of peak power and pulse energy while preserving ultrashort durations. Here, we report the results of a systematic optimization with respect to seed pulse duration that elucidates the dynamics of nonlinear amplification and allows identification of distinct propagation regimes. As part of this analysis, we identify a new regime, termed partial parabolic amplification, which achieves 50-fs pulse duration and yields higher peak power than any other nonlinear amplification regime known to date. An initial experimental demonstration of partial parabolic amplification produces 50-fs and 2.2-uJ pulses with a 25-um-core Yb fiber amplifier, corresponding to a 30-MW peak power. In contrast to other nonlinear amplification techniques, practical energy scaling beyond 10 uJ and 200 MW should be achievable with available gain fibers with larger mode areas, which would fill a gap in existing fiber laser capabilities that would directly impact material processing, nonlinear bio-imaging, and other applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Highly-efficient perturbative Raman shifting by engineering the nonlinear temporal response

Raman scattering underlies a broad range of spectroscopic and light-generation techniques, yet its conventional description, based on the Raman gain spectrum, accurately describes only long-pulse, steady-state dynamics. We present a time-domain theoretical approach that provides a unified and physically-transparent description of Raman interactions across all temporal regimes. It enables direct visualization of Raman temporal dynamics and accounts for spectrotemporal aspects of Raman phenomena, which cannot be addressed by prior theories. In particular, molecules with strong Raman responses do not produce an efficient soliton self-frequency shift in gas-filled hollow-core fibers. The time-domain analysis exposes temporal and spectral distortions from the Raman response that impact frequency-shifting detrimentally, and identifies how these distortions can be suppressed by reducing the Raman interaction to a perturbation on the electronic response. Experiments that employ gas mixtures with tunable Raman fractions of the nonlinear response demonstrate up to a four-fold increase in quantum efficiency (from 20 to 80%) compared to the pure molecular gas, and unity-efficiency Raman shifting will be possible. The new time-domain framework uncovers phenomena that are inaccessible through the decades-old frequency-domain treatment of Raman scattering, and it applies to Raman interactions in solids, liquids, and gases on various timescales.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Raman-enhanced spectral compression of high-energy femtosecond laser pulses in molecular gases

Nonlinear pulse propagation in gas-filled waveguides has attracted substantial attention over the past decade, and a variety of capabilities have been reported. However, there is no prior report of spectral compression in gas-filled waveguides or cavities, which would offer a natural route for scaling to much higher pulse energies than have been reached in solid structures. Here we report a high-energy spectral-compression technique based on nonlinear propagation in gas-filled capillaries. With 0.1- to 1-mJ pulses, compression of the spectral width by a factor up to 12 (from 60 nm to 5 nm) is demonstrated. Key to this advance is recognition that the process plays out differently in gases than in solids. In a noble gas (Ar), we find that even small structure in the spectrum, which is mapped to the time profile, of the input pulse can degrade the compression process. We identify the delayed Raman response of molecular gases (N2O and N2) as a mechanism that smooths and symmetrizes the nonlinear index modulation, which reduces the impact of spectral asymmetry and fine structure and enhances the fidelity of the compressed peak. The technique can be implemented with a capillary filled with ambient air, for sub-millijoule operation without a dedicated gas system. These results initiate a new direction in the optics of gas-filled waveguides and establish Raman-enhanced spectral compression as a robust route to high-energy narrowband optical sources, with potential impact in a broad range of applications.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

Tutorial of Fourier and Hankel transforms for ultrafast optics

This tutorial is designed to clarify a few misconceptions in the field of ultrafast optics. (1) Analytic signal that underlies the complex-conjugate decomposition of the field is discussed, as well as the misunderstanding between propagation-constant-offset and offset-frequency analytic signal and slowly-varying envelope assumption. (2) It contains complete derivations of the general formulations of several Fourier-transform relations. It shows the importance of having Fourier-transform constants as parameters, and helps clarify the arbitrary selection of Fourier-transform constants and conventions. (3) It also clarifies the correct Fourier-transform convention to be employed in ultrafast optics. (4) Moreover, multiple Fourier-transform aspects are discussed, involving convolution, aliasing, phase effect, and short-time Fourier transform. (5) In addition to the Fourier transform, a tutorial on the Hankel transform is provided. Its numerical implementation based on the fast Hankel transform with high accuracy (FHATHA) is also provided. Despite being a tutorial, I, for the first time, propose a new numerical scheme for the fast Hankel transform that outperforms both the original FHATHA and the discrete Hankel transform.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2026

The Self-Limiting Nature of Jet-Modulated Thermal Conduction in Cool Core Clusters

Conduction as a mechanism for explaining the disrupted cooling-flow in galaxy clusters has been mostly discounted, as the process is inefficient at transporting heat all the way from the cluster into the core. However, thermal conduction can be strongly enhanced when materials of significantly different temperature are brought into proximity, and thus into close thermal contact. Jets of active galactic nuclei may act as heat pumps by bringing low-entropy gas from the cluster core into thermal contact with the hot outer atmosphere of the cluster, significantly increasing the feedback efficiency of active galactic nuclei. We test this hypothesis by running a suite of 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations of active galactic nuclei jets in a Perseus-like cluster, including anisotropic conduction. We find that the heat pump efficiency $η$ can reach up to 50\% of the maximum possible efficiency $η_{\rm max}$ if conduction operates near the Spitzer-Braginskii limit, while $η\approx f_{\rm sp}η_{\rm max}$ if conduction along the field lines is substantially suppressed below the Spitzer-Braginskii value by a factor $f_{\rm sp}$ by kinetic effects, as recently suggested. We further find that jet-induced thermal conduction is self-limiting: Magnetic draping during the uplift results in a magnetic field orientation close to perpendicular to the induced temperature gradients, significantly reducing conduction along the ideal conductive pathways. Thus, for conservative assumptions about thermal conduction suppression by $f_{\rm sp} \lesssim 0.1$, the heat pump effect leads to only marginal heat transfer and, correspondingly, to immaterial changes in the overall thermal evolution of cool core clusters beyond the isolated effects of conduction and jet-induced heating alone.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

A simple accurate way to model noise-seeded ultrafast nonlinear processes

Noise can play an important role in nonlinear pulse propagation. It is not only the origin of fluctuations in supercontinuum but can also determine the generated signal amplitude and phase, as seen in phenomena such as noise-seeded four-wave mixing and spontaneous Raman scattering. Current models rely on input-pulse shot noise and Raman Langevin term to simulate noise-seeded Kerr effects and spontaneous Raman scattering, respectively. However, they cannot accurately simulate any nonlinear effects exhibiting asymmetries, for example, between spontaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes generation, or in amplification with emission and absorption cross sections. Moreover, combining these two techniques does not lead to accurate modeling of both effects simultaneously, especially in unsaturated Raman operational regimes or supercontinuum where spontaneous Raman emission noise plays a crucial role. To resolve this issue, we propose a new modified shot-noise model by directly introducing noise into the pulse propagation equation. It minimally modifies current models that contain only stimulated terms.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2024

Efficient, broadly-tunable source of megawatt pulses for multiphoton microscopy based on self-phase modulation in argon-filled hollow-core fiber

An exciting recent development for deep-tissue imaging with cellular resolution is three-photon fluorescence microscopy (3PM) with excitation at long wavelengths (1300 and 1700 nm). In the last few years, long-wavelength 3PM has driven rapid progress in deep-tissue imaging beyond the depth limit of two-photon microscopy, with impacts in neuroscience, immunology, and cancer biology. However, wide adoption of 3PM faces challenges. Three-photon excitation (3PE) is naturally weaker than two-photon excitation, which places a premium on ultrashort pulses with high peak power. The inefficiency, complexity, and cost of current sources of these pulses present major barriers to the use of 3PM in typical biomedical research labs. Here, we describe a fiber-based source of femtosecond pulses with multi-megawatt peak power, tunable from 850 nm to 1700 nm. Compressed pulses from a fiber amplifier at 1030~nm are launched into an antiresonant hollow-core fiber filled with argon. By varying only the gas pressure, pulses with hundreds of nanojoules of energy and sub-100 fs duration are obtained at wavelengths between 850 and 1700 nm. This approach is a new route to an efficient, robust, and potentially low-cost source for multiphoton deep-tissue imaging. In particular, 960-nJ and 50-fs pulses are generated at 1300 nm with a conversion efficiency of 10\%. The nearly 20-MW peak power is an order of magnitude higher than the previous best from femtosecond fiber source at 1300~nm. As an example of the capabilities of the source, these pulses are used to image structure and neuronal activity in mouse brain as deep as 1.1 mm below the dura.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2023

A Numerical Study of the Impact of Jet Magnetic Topology on Radio Galaxy Evolution

The propagation of active galactic nucleus jets depends both on the environment into which they propagate and on their internal structure. To test the impact that different magnetic topologies have on the observable properties of radio galaxies on kpc scales, we conducted a series of magneto-hydrodynamic simulations of jets injected with different magnetic field configurations propagating into a gaseous atmosphere modeled on the Perseus cluster. The simulations show that the structure of the field affects the collimation and propagation of the jets on cluster scales and thus the morphology of the radio lobes inflated by the jets, due both to magnetic collimation and the development of dynamical instabilities in jets with different magnetic topologies. In all cases, the simulations show a distinct reversal of the sychrotron spectral age gradient in the radio lobes about a dynamical time after the jets turn off due to large scale circulation inside the radio lobe, driven primarily by buoyancy, which could provide a way to constrain the age of radio sources in cluster environments without the need for detailed spectral modeling and thus constrain the radio mode feedback efficiency. We suggest a robust diagnostic to search for such age gradients in multi-frequency radio data.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2021

Efficient soliton self-frequency shift in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber

We report a study of soliton self-frequency shifting in hydrogen-filled hollow-core fiber. The combination of hydrogen and short 40-fs input pulses underlies clean and efficient generation of Raman solitons between 1080 and 1600 nm. With 240-nJ input pulses, the Raman soliton energy ranges from 110 to 20 nJ over that wavelength range, and the pulse duration is approximately 45 fs. In particular, 70-nJ and 42-fs pulses are generated at 1300 nm. Numerical simulations agree reasonably well with experiments and predict that microjoule-energy tunable pulses should be possible with higher-energy input pulses.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2021

Constraining black hole feedback in galaxy clusters from X-ray power spectra

Jets launched by the supermassive black holes in the centers of cool-core clusters are the most likely heat source to solve the cooling flow problem. One way for this heating to occur is through generation of a turbulent cascade by jet-inflated bubbles. Measurements of the X-ray intensity power spectra show evidence of this cascade in different regions of the cluster, constraining the role of driving mechanisms. We analyze feedback simulations of the Perseus cluster to constrain the effect of the jet activity on the intensity fluctuations and kinematics of the cluster atmosphere. We find that, within the inner 60 kiloparsecs, the power spectra of the predicted surface brightness fluctuations are broadly consistent with those measured by Chandra and that even a single episode of jet activity can generate a long-lasting imprint on the intensity fluctuations in the innermost region of the cluster. AGN-driven motions within the same region approach the values reported by Hitomi during and right after the AGN episode. However, the line-of-sight velocity dispersion excited by the jet in simulations underpredicts the Hitomi measurement. This indicates that driving a volume-filling sustained level of turbulence requires several episodes of jet activity, and/or additional processes drive turbulence outside the 60-kpc sphere. This also suggests that sharp edges of the bubbles in the innermost region of the cluster contribute substantially to the intensity of fluctuations, consistent with the Perseus observations in the inner 30-kpc region. We discuss new diagnostics to decompose annular power spectra to constrain past episodes of jet activity.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2020

Starting Dynamics of a Fully Electronically Controlled Linear Mamyshev Oscillator

We start an environmentally-stable linear Mamyshev oscillator with electronically-controlled modulated pump and a moving filter. It delivers a 21-nJ pulse that becomes 65 fs in duration after a compressor. Reliable starting into stable mode-locking is found achievable with a modulated mode-locked state observed only when the modulation frequency is larger than 70 kHz. To avoid the damage of the gain fiber, two Faraday rotators are introduced. Besides, we have studied several aspects toward obtaining successful starting.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2019

Jets, Bubbles, and Heat Pumps in Galaxy Clusters

Feedback from AGN jets has been proposed to counteract the catastrophic cooling in many galaxy clusters. However, it is still unclear which physical processes are acting to couple the energy from the bi-directional jets to the ICM. We study the long-term evolution of rising bubbles that were inflated by AGN jets using MHD simulations. In the wake of the rising bubbles, a significant amount of low-entropy gas is brought into contact with the hot cluster gas. We assess the energy budget of the uplifted gas and find it comparable to the total energy injected by the jets. Although our simulation does not include explicit thermal conduction, we find that, for reasonable assumptions about the conduction coefficient, the rate is fast enough that much of the uplifted gas may be thermalized before it sinks back to the core. Thus, we propose that the AGN can act like a heat pump to move low-entropy gas from the cluster core to the heat reservoir and will be able to heat the inner cluster more efficiently than would be possible by direct energy transfer from jets alone. We show that the maximum efficiency of this mechanism, i.e. the ratio between the conductive thermal energy and the work needed to lift the gas, $ξ_{\mathrm{max}}$ can exceed 100 per cent. While $ξ$ < $ξ_{\mathrm{max}}$ in realistic scenarios, AGN-induced thermal conduction has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency with which AGN can heat cool-core clusters and transform the bursty AGN activities into a smoother and enduring heating process.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2011

Photonic crystal microdisk lasers with exceptional spontaneous emission coupling to the lasing mode

A long existing issue for microdisk lasers is the small spontaneous emission coupling rate (β) in microdisk,. We found that it is due to the coupling of emitter spontaneous emission into competing Fabry-Perot (FP) modes in the microdisk cavity. Based on this analysis, we propose a new type of photonic crystal microdisk (PCM) laser to drastically suppress the photonic density of states in the vertical FP modes. As a result, we obtained a three fold increase of β than previously reported highest β of 0.15 at room temperature. The spontaneous emission control in truncated photonic crystals becomes efficient when the period number is more than one. We also demonstrate a three-stack PCM laser at low temperature with β as high as 0.72, which is 24 times higher than that in typical single microdisk (0.03), which also results in 50% threshold reduction.

physics.optics↗