Porosity Effects on Cyclic Gas Invasion and Trapping in Deformable Porous Media
Fluid transport in deformable porous media is central to many biophysical and geophysical processes. While extensive studies exist, how porosity governs fluid behaviour in deformable systems during cyclic injection remains elusive. Here, we investigate gas-liquid multiphase flow in a quasi-2D Hele-Shaw cell packed with soft hydrogel particles at different initial porosities. Alternative gas and water injection experiments, combined with high-resolution imaging and continuous pressure monitoring, are used to quantify gas dynamics and pressure evolution. Results show that the gas entry pressure increases as porosity decreases, consistent with a Young-Laplace estimation based on effective pore-throat width. After entry, invasion shifts from cavity-dominated expansion in high porosity packings to localised pore invasion in low porosity packings, with a mixed cavity-fingering regime at intermediate porosity. Pressure fluctuations are linked to pore-scale gas escape and internal gas redistribution. Low porosity packings produce frequent small-amplitude pressure drops, whereas higher porosity packings produce more discrete pressure relaxations. Across cycles, the decreasing mean pressure suggests preferential-pathway reuse and reduced local capillary constraints. Residual gas saturation increases systematically with injection cycles and reaches higher terminal values as porosity decreases. Specific interfacial length increases as available pore space decreases and follows a power-law relationship with gas cluster size, with scaling exponent decreases as porosity decreases and cycling progresses. Together, these results demonstrate that gas trapping in deformable porous media depends on both initial packing structure and cyclically evolving gas-solid interactions. This study provides insights for interpreting porosity-dependent trapping and reinvasion during repeated gas injection.