arXiv subjects

Yizhe Zhao

Publications and source records attributed to Yizhe Zhao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Hybrid Pinching-Fluid Antenna Assisted Wireless Communications: Modeling and Performance Analysis

Reconfigurable-antenna systems have received increasing attention for their ability to adapt wireless channels. However, existing architectures exhibit scenario-dependent limitations: fluid antennas provide strong diversity gains in rich-scattering environments but offer limited benefits under line-of-sight (LoS)-dominant conditions, while pinching antennas can effectively reduce path loss by adjusting the radiation point along a waveguide, yet perform poorly in severe non-LoS (NLoS) scenarios. This letter proposes a hybrid pinching-fluid antenna system (HPFAS), where pinching antenna (PA) is employed at the transmitter and a fluid antenna (FA) is used at the receiver to jointly exploit LoS enhancement and spatial diversity. A tractable channel model is developed, and outage probability expressions are derived for both single-user and multi-user scenarios. Simulation results validate the analysis and show that the proposed HPFAS consistently outperforms systems using only pinching antennas or only fluid antennas under various propagation conditions.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2026

Smart-TCP: An Agentic AI-based Autonomous and Adaptive TCP Protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) relies on deterministic state machines and sequence-number arithmetic to ensure reliable communication. However, hard-coded protocol logic is difficult to adapt to increasingly complex and dynamic network conditions. This paper proposes Smart-TCP, an agentic AI-based transport protocol framework that organizes TCP control logic as a fast/slow model-assisted decision process. Specifically, a feature-aware classifier routes routine segments to a lightweight Small Language Model (SLM) fast path and anomalous or boundary cases to a Large Language Model (LLM) slow path, while an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) handles deterministic sequence- and acknowledgement-number computation. A state module maintains connection state, packet history, and key control variables, enabling protocol decisions over the full session context. We evaluate Smart-TCP through path classification, atomic packet processing, slow-path anomaly response, and end-to-end session interaction. Experimental results show that Smart-TCP achieves 99.14% action accuracy on 700 slow-path anomaly and fallback samples, and a 100% full-lifecycle success rate over 300 ideal fast-path end-to-end session windows. These results suggest that decoupling model-based protocol reasoning from deterministic arithmetic improves the reliability of model-driven TCP control for network service operation.

cs.NI↗

arXiv2026

Waveform Design for OTFS Assisted Simultaneous Acoustic Information and Power Transfer

Simultaneous acoustic information and power transfer (SAIPT) is a promising technique for supporting self-sustainable Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) networks through concurrent data transmission and energy supplement. However, existing OFDM-based SAIPT studies are vulnerable to severe multipath propagation and Doppler effects in dynamic underwater acoustic channels. To address this issue, this paper proposes an orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS)-based SAIPT waveform design for dynamic underwater acoustic channels. The acoustic information transfer (AIT) and acoustic power transfer (APT) symbols are jointly designed, while the transducer conversion efficiencies and nonlinear rectifier characteristics are incorporated into the system model. Based on the derived achievable data rate and DC output expressions, a waveform optimization problem is formulated to maximize the harvested DC output under transmit power and minimum data-rate constraints. To solve the resulting non-convex problem, a successive convex approximation (SCA)-based algorithm is developed. Simulation results show that the proposed OTFS-based design outperforms the OFDM-based scheme in terms of DC output in the dynamic transmission scenarios. The effects of key system parameters are also analyzed, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed design in improving acoustic energy transfer efficiency.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2026

A Unified Fully Reconfigurable Architecture for Wireless Powered Communication Networks

Wireless powered communication networks (WPCNs) are a key enabler for sustainable Internet of Things (IoT) systems, yet their practical performance is constrained by inefficient wireless energy transfer, limited spatial adaptability, and fragile uplink connectivity in blockage-prone and dynamic environments. Emerging reconfigurable antenna technologies, including pinching antenna systems (PASSs), fluid antenna systems (FASs), movable antennas (MAs), and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), provide new opportunities to overcome these limitations, but have mostly been studied separately. In this article, we propose a unified architecture for fully reconfigurable WPCNs by jointly integrating PASS-enabled power beacons, FAS-based IoT devices, MA-assisted base stations, and RIS-aided propagation environments. The proposed framework enables end-to-end reconfigurability across downlink energy transfer, device-side spatial adaptation, base-station reception, and uplink information transmission. We further discuss the integration motivation, system architecture, design and optimization framework, illustrative performance evaluation, implementation tradeoffs, and major practical challenges. This article provides a new perspective for designing next-generation fully reconfigurable WPCNs.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2026

Waveform Design for Underwater Simultaneous Acoustic Information and Power Transfer

Simultaneous acoustic information and power transfer (SAIPT) plays a crucial role in enabling self-sustainable and maintenance-free Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) networks. This paper studies a multicarrier underwater SAIPT system that jointly considers the frequency-dependent characteristics of acoustic transducers and the nonlinear behavior of rectifier circuits. The waveform vector is firstly optimized using the successive convex approximation (SCA) method under constraints on average and peak transmit power for acoustic power transfer (APT). Then, in the SAIPT scenario, both the power splitting factor and waveform vectors are jointly optimized through an alternating optimization (AO) framework based on SCA, subject to transmit power and achievable rate constraints. Simulation results demonstrate that incorporating the transducer's frequency response, rectifier nonlinearity, and the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of multicarrier waveforms leads to a significant improvement in acoustic energy transfer efficiency. The results also show that the energy harvesting DC output can be further enhanced by properly choosing system parameters, such as the number of subcarriers and subcarrier spacing.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2026

Downlink Performance Analysis of Pinching Antenna Systems: WDMA or NOMA?

This paper presents an analytical framework for downlink pinching antenna systems (PASS) employing waveguide division multiple access (WDMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA). A unified channel model is developed to capture antenna deployment, user spatial distribution, and path loss. Closed-form and single-integral expressions for the outage probability and average achievable rate are derived and validated via Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that NOMA achieves higher spectral efficiency at high transmit signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to successive interference cancellation (SIC), whereas WDMA offers more reliable performance at low to moderate SNR but suffers from an outage floor and rate saturation at high SNR. Moreover, WDMA performance is more sensitive to the user spatial distribution due to the spatially dependent inter-waveguide interference. These findings provide design insights for access-scheme selection and antenna placement in PASS.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2026

Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-generation Mobile Communication Networks: A Comprehensive Survey and Tutorial

The transition to next-generation mobile communication networks, particularly 6G, demands advanced technologies to meet the requirements for ultra-reliable, low-latency communication, massive connectivity, and intelligent applications. Reconfigurable antennas (RAs) play a crucial role in achieving these objectives by enabling dynamic adjustments to the radio frequency (RF) characteristics of antennas, such as gain, radiation pattern, impedance, and polarization. Unlike traditional fixed-position antennas, RAs can alter both their radiation patterns and positions, offering flexibility in response to varying communication environments. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and tutorial on RAs, with a focus on fluid antennas (FAs), movable antennas (MAs), pinching antennas (PAs), and reconfigurable holographic antennas (RHAs), examining their potential in next-generation mobile networks. We explore the channel modelling and estimation, performance analysis, resource allocation strategies, and their synergy with other emerging wireless technologies for each type of RA. Finally, we provide a comparative analysis of different RAs and discuss the open challenges and future research directions, offering insights and guidance for future investigations in the exciting research area.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2026

Enhanced Fluid Index Modulation for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer

Integrated data and energy transfer (IDET) is a promising technique for supporting sustainable low-power wireless networks. To improve both communication reliability and energy transfer efficiency, this paper investigates a fluid index modulation (FIM) assisted IDET system, where the base station employs a two-dimensional fluid antenna system (FAS) and the receiver adopts a power-splitting architecture. In FIM, the information bits are delivered not only from the modulation symbols, but also the index of antenna position. Under finite-alphabet signaling, the average harvested power, bit error rate (BER), and achievable data rate are derived in closed form. A joint optimization problem is formulated to maximize the average harvested power subject to BER and achievable rate constraints by jointly optimizing the port selection, precoding vector, and power splitting ratio. An alternating optimization framework is developed, where the precoding vector and port selection are obtained via a Riemannian augmented Lagrangian method (RALM) and block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves a superior rate-energy trade-off over benchmark schemes, while the proposed algorithm attains near-optimal performance with significantly lower complexity than exhaustive search.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2026

Context Learning for Multi-Agent Discussion

Multi-Agent Discussion (MAD) has garnered increasing attention very recently, where multiple LLM instances collaboratively solve problems via structured discussion. However, we find that current MAD methods easily suffer from discussion inconsistency, LLMs fail to reach a coherent solution, due to the misalignment between their individual contexts.In this paper, we introduce a multi-LLM context learning method (M2CL) that learns a context generator for each agent, capable of dynamically generating context instructions per discussion round via automatic information organization and refinement. Specifically, inspired by our theoretical insights on the context instruction, M2CL train the generators to control context coherence and output discrepancies via a carefully crafted self-adaptive mechanism.It enables LLMs to avoid premature convergence on majority noise and progressively reach the correct consensus. We evaluate M2CL on challenging tasks, including academic reasoning, embodied tasks, and mobile control. The results show that the performance of M2CL significantly surpasses existing methods by 20%--50%, while enjoying favorable transferability and computational efficiency.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2026

MANA: Towards Efficient Mobile Ad Detection via Multimodal Agentic UI Navigation

Mobile advertising dominates app monetization but introduces risks ranging from intrusive user experience to malware delivery. Existing detection methods rely either on static analysis, which misses runtime behaviors, or on heuristic UI exploration, which struggles with sparse and obfuscated ads. In this paper, we present MANA, the first agentic multimodal reasoning framework for mobile ad detection. MANA integrates static, visual, temporal, and experiential signals into a reasoning-guided navigation strategy that determines not only how to traverse interfaces but also where to focus, enabling efficient and robust exploration. We implement and evaluate MANA on commercial smartphones over 200 apps, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and efficiency. Compared to baselines, it improves detection accuracy by 30.5%-56.3% and reduces exploration steps by 29.7%-63.3%. Case studies further demonstrate its ability to uncover obfuscated and malicious ads, underscoring its practicality for mobile ad auditing and its potential for broader runtime UI analysis (e.g., permission abuse). Code and dataset are available at https://github.com/MANA-2026/MANA.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2025

Energy-Efficient Port Selection and Beamforming Design for Integrated Data and Energy Transfer Assisted by Fluid Antennas

Integrated data and energy transfer (IDET) is considered as a key enabler of 6G, as it can provide both wireless energy transfer (WET) and wireless data transfer (WDT) services towards low power devices. Thanks to the extra degree of freedom provided by fluid antenna (FA), incorporating FA into IDET systems presents a promising approach to enhance energy efficiency performance. This paper investigates a FA assisted IDET system, where the transmitter is equipped with multiple FAs and transmits wireless signals to the data receiver (DR) and the energy receiver (ER), which are both equipped with a single traditional antenna. The switching delay and energy consumption induced by port selection are taken into account in IDET system for the first time. We aim to obtain the optimal beamforming vector and the port selection strategy at the transmitter, in order to maximize the short-term and long-term WET efficiency, respectively. The instant sub-optimal solution is obtained by alternatively optimizing the beamforming vector and port selection in each transmission frame, while a novel constrained soft actor critic (C-SAC) algorithm is proposed to find the feasible policy of port selection from the long-term perspective. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme is able to achieve greater gain in terms of both the short-term and long-term WET efficiency compared to other benchmarks, while not degrading WDT performance.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2025

6D Movable Holographic Surface Assisted Integrated Data and Energy Transfer: A Sensing Enhanced Approach

Reconfigurable holographic surface (RHS) enables cost-effective large-scale arrays with high spatial gain. However, its amplitude-controlled holographic beamforming suffers from directional fluctuations, making it difficult to fully exploit the spatial gain of RHS. Fortunately, the promising 6D movable antenna (6DMA) provides a potential solution to this problem. In this paper, we study a 6D movable holographic surface (6DMHS) integrated data and energy transfer (IDET) system, where a three-stage protocol is proposed, consisting of an uplink sensing stage, an orientation adjustment stage and a downlink transmission stage, to coordinate the 6DMHS and effectively serve the IDET receivers. Firstly, the holographic-based sensing technology is proposed and the sensing information of the IDET receivers is exploited. Secondly, by fixing the rotations with the sensing information, the orientation optimization problem is formulated for designing the holographic beamforming of the RHS and adjusting the translations of the 6DMHS. As a result, the directions with maximum beamforming gain are aligned with each IDET receiver. Thirdly, by fixing the orientation of the 6DMHS and the holographic beamforming, the equivalent wireless channel is obtained. The IDET performance optimization problem is formulated for obtaining the optimal digital beamforming, power splitting factor and energy harvesting (EH) power. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme is capable of improving the IDET performance compared to the benchmarks.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2025

Circular Holographic MIMO Beamforming for Integrated Data and Energy Multicast Systems

Thanks to the application of metamaterials, holographic multiple-input multiple-output (H-MIMO) is expected to achieve a higher spatial diversity gain with lower hardware complexity. With the aid of a circular antenna arrangement of H-MIMO, integrated data and energy multicast (IDEM) can fully exploit the near-field channel to realize wider range of energy focusing and higher achievable rate. In this paper, we derive the closed-form near-field resolution function in 3D space and show the asymptotic spatial orthogonality of near-field channel for circular antenna array. We then investigate the beamforming designs for IDEM systems, where the minimum rate of data users (DUs) are maximized while guaranteeing the energy harvesting requirements for energy users (EUs). Specifically, the asymptotically optimal fully-digital beamformer is first obtained based on the spatial orthogonality. Then, the alternating optimization is adopted for the H-MIMO beamforming, where the digital beamformer is obtained in closed form and the analog beamformers of three different control modes are then obtained, respectively. Scaling schemes are also investigated to further improve the IDEM performance. Numerical results verify the correctness of the resolution function and asymptotic orthogonality. Moreover, the proposed beamforming schemes with very low complexity outperform benchmark schemes.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2025

Bridging Theory and Practice in Reconfigurable Fluid Antenna Systems

Fluid antennas, including those based on liquid, mechanical, and pixel-based technologies, are poised to significantly enhance next-generation wireless systems by adaptively optimizing their radiation characteristics. Many theoretical analyses assumed near-instant reconfiguration, perfect channel knowledge, static or slowly varying propagation environments, and ideal material properties that rarely hold in practice. In this article, we dissect these common assumptions and contrast them with the realities of finite actuation time, limited and imperfect channel state information, rapidly changing fading conditions, electromagnetic coupling, and mechanical constraints. Through illustrative examples and simulations, we demonstrate how ignoring these factors can lead to overestimated gains in capacity, coverage, etc.. We then propose modeling refinements, experimental validation methods, and emerging control algorithms that better account for real-world constraints. Our findings highlight that, while reconfigurable antennas remain highly promising for B5G/6G and Internet of things (IoT) applications, their full potential can only be realized by incorporating practical considerations into system design and performance evaluation.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2025

Performance Analysis of Fluid Antenna Multiple Access Assisted Wireless Powered Communication Network

This paper investigates a novel fluid antenna multiple access (FAMA)-assisted wireless powered communication network (WPCN), in which a hybrid access point (HAP) equipped with multiple fixed position antennas (FPAs) provides integrated data and energy transfer (IDET) services towards low-power devices that are equipped with a single fluid antenna (FA), while the low-power devices use harvested energy to power their own uplink transmission. Using the block correlation channel model, both the downlink and uplink wireless data transfer (WDT) outage probabilities are analyzed under specific port selection strategies, including downlink signal-to-interference ratio-based port selection (DSPS) strategy, downlink energy harvesting power-based port selection (DEPS) strategy, uplink signal-to-noise ratio-based port selection (USPS) strategy, and uplink channel-based port selection (UCPS) strategy. A step function approximation (SFA) approach is also relied upon to derive closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities, while the lower bounds for uplink WDT outage probabilities are also formulated. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of our theoretical analysis, which also provide useful guidelines for the system design through the analytical framework.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2025

Performance Analysis of Pinching-Antenna-Enabled Internet of Things Systems

The pinching-antenna systems (PASS), which activate small dielectric particles along a dielectric waveguide, has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for flexible antenna deployment in next-generation wireless communication networks. While most existing studies assume rectangular indoor layouts with full coverage waveguide, practical deployments may involve geometric constraints, partial coverage, and non-negligible waveguide attenuation. This paper presents the first analytical investigation of PASS in a circular indoor environment, encompassing both full coverage and partial coverage waveguide configurations with/without propagation loss. A unified geometric-propagation framework is developed that jointly captures pinching-antenna placement, Internet of Things (IoT) device location distribution, and waveguide attenuation. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average achievable rate are derived for four scenarios, with accuracy validated via extensive Monte-Carlo simulations. The analysis reveals that, under the partial coverage waveguide scenario with propagation loss, the system performance demonstrates a non-monotonic trend with respect to the waveguide length, and the optimal length decreases as the attenuation coefficient increases. Numerical results further quantify the interplay between deployment strategy, waveguide propagation loss, and coverage geometry, offering practical guidelines for performance-oriented PASS design.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2025

On the Performance Analysis of Pinching-Antenna-Enabled SWIPT Systems

In this paper, we studies the performance of a novel simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system enabled by a flexible pinching-antenna. To support flexible deployment and optimize energy-rate performance, we propose three practical pinching antenna placement-schemes: the edge deployment scheme (EDS), the center deployment scheme (CDS), and the diagonal deployment scheme (DDS). Moreover, a hybrid time-switching (TS) and power-splitting (PS) protocol is introduced, allowing dynamic adjustment between energy harvesting and information decoding. Under each deployment strategy and the transmission protocol, closed-form expressions for the average harvested energy and average achievable rate of a randomly located user equipment (UE) are derived based on the optimal positioning of the pinching-antenna. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and illustrate the trade-off between rate and energy harvesting under different schemes.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2025

DuoSpaceNet: Leveraging Both Bird's-Eye-View and Perspective View Representations for 3D Object Detection

Multi-view camera-only 3D object detection largely follows two primary paradigms: exploiting bird's-eye-view (BEV) representations or focusing on perspective-view (PV) features, each with distinct advantages. Although several recent approaches explore combining BEV and PV, many rely on partial fusion or maintain separate detection heads. In this paper, we propose DuoSpaceNet, a novel framework that fully unifies BEV and PV feature spaces within a single detection pipeline for comprehensive 3D perception. Our design includes a decoder to integrate BEV and PV features into unified detection queries, as well as a feature enhancement strategy that enriches different feature representations. In addition, DuoSpaceNet can be extended to handle multi-frame inputs, enabling more robust temporal analysis. Extensive experiments on nuScenes dataset show that DuoSpaceNet surpasses both BEV-based baselines (e.g., BEVFormer) and PV-based baselines (e.g., Sparse4D) in 3D object detection and BEV map segmentation, verifying the effectiveness of our proposed design.

cs.CV↗