arXiv subjects

Yongquan Xue

Publications and source records attributed to Yongquan Xue.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Little Red Dots as Supermassive Counterparts of SS 433: A Hyper-Eddington Accretion Framework

High-redshift little red dots (LRDs) are compact sources characterized by V-shaped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), broad emission lines, and often prominent Balmer breaks. Their high number density and apparently large black hole masses suggest that they are essential to the early evolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes (SMBHs); however, the nature of their central engines remains uncertain. Here, we propose that LRDs are the supermassive, high-redshift counterparts of the hyper-Eddington accreting Galactic microquasar SS~433, viewed at high inclinations. By scaling the hyper-Eddington accretion physics from stellar-mass black holes to supermassive scales, we show that the observed LRD features, including X-ray weakness, soft optical SEDs, apparent sub-Eddington accretion ratio, and Balmer breaks, emerge naturally from the self-shielding geometry of a puffed-up accretion disk. In this framework, the broad-line regions are ionized by anisotropic radiation escaping from the inner disk, analogous to the unseen UV/X-ray emission revealed by the W50 nebula in SS 433. Their low-inclination or lower-accretion-rate counterparts would appear as little blue dots (LBDs) or normal active galactic nuclei. Our model predicts that the Balmer break strength positively correlates with the broad-line width, that the emission lines are more variable than the optical continuum, that LRDs are intrinsically more luminous than observed, and that LBDs are more variable than LRDs. This unified-scale model redefines LRDs as the essential laboratories for observing the rapid accretion-driven growth that shaped the early assembly of galaxies and their central SMBHs.

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arXiv2026

Jet Power, Bulk Lorentz Factor, Black Hole Spin, and Magnetic Field of Accretion Disk in Jetted Active Galactic Nuclei: A Large Gamma-Ray Emission Sample

We present a catalog of physical parameters for powerful jet-accretion disk-black hole systems in one of the largest samples of gamma-ray emitting jetted active galactic nuclei (AGNs), including jet kinetic and radiative powers, jet radiative efficiencies, bulk Lorentz factors, black hole spins, accretion-disk magnetic fields and Compton dominance. Comparing jet kinetic power estimators for blazars, values derived from spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting tend to exceed those estimated via cavity power and other scaling relations. For radiatively efficient AGNs, most sources are inferred to possess high spins; for radiatively inefficient AGNs, many potentially have high spins, though some may differ. This indicates that black hole spin does not effectively distinguish radiatively efficient from inefficient jetted AGNs. Our results suggest accretion-disk magnetic field strength as a key discriminator, proposing a tentative dividing value of $\approx 10^{3.9}$ Gauss between radiatively efficient and inefficient populations. Jet power and bulk Lorentz factor exhibit significant correlations with black hole mass in radiatively efficient AGNs, while weak-to-moderate correlations are observed in radiatively inefficient AGNs within narrow accretion-rate bins. Our analysis reveals that jet power correlates with both disk luminosity and magnetic field strength. Furthermore, correlations linking Eddington ratio and Compton dominance with jet properties are consistent with the jet-accretion connection. Finally, jet radiative power and bulk Lorentz factor show a potential dependence on black hole spin. These results are consistent with the scenario in which jets are powered and accelerated by energy extraction from rapidly spinning black holes via accretion-disk magnetic fields.

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arXiv2026

Discovery of four Narrow-line Type-1 Quasars at z = 2.54 -- 6.06 with Subaru 'Onohi'ula PFS-SSP

We report the discovery of four narrow-line type-1 quasars (NLQ1s) from the Subaru 'Onohi'ula Prime Focus Spectrograph Subaru Strategic Program (PFS-SSP). To extend a comprehensive understanding of this population to the distant universe, we searched for broad-line AGNs (quasars) whose rest-UV spectral shapes resemble those of local NLS1 galaxies, utilizing the Ly$α$ line profile. We identified four NLQ1s, including one candidate, at $z=2.54$ -- $6.06$. The obtained spectra show a prominent Ly$α$ emission line with a very low continuum level. The measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) of Ly$α$ ranges from $1410 \ \mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ to $1510 \ \mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ with a mean of $\sim 1430 \,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$. Although we used only line width information for the NLQ1 selection, the resulting equivalent widths (EW) of Ly$α$ are higher (the mean $\sim 190$\,Å\ in the rest frame) than the typical values of quasars. Two quasars have exceptionally large Ly$α$ luminosity, accounting for $\sim 3$ -- $4$\% of the bolometric luminosity. We measured black hole masses and Eddington ratios for three objects whose C\,\textsc{iv} line is available. The resulting black hole masses are $\sim 10^{6.9}$ -- $10^{7.7}\, M_{\odot}$ with high Eddington ratios ($> 0.1$), consistent with those of NLS1 galaxies reported in the low-$z$ universe. N\,\textsc{v} and C\,\textsc{iv} broad absorption lines are detected in one object. This quasar can be classified as a mini-BAL quasar, which further supports the idea that this NLQ1 is indeed a luminous version of an NLS1 galaxy.

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arXiv2026

Search for L4 Earth Trojan asteroids with the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope

Earth Trojan asteroids (ETAs) are a mysterious population, and dynamically stable ETAs, if primordial, could be "living fossils" of the early solar system. To date, there are only two known ETAs, but both are temporary ETAs. The aim of our survey is to discover new temporary or stable ETAs; in the absence of detections, we derive upper limits on the population of stable ETAs. We conducted the largest wide-area survey of the Earth's L4 Lagrange point region so far using the Wide Field Survey Telescope, covering about 236.74 deg^2, corresponding to 33.24% of the probability coverage for sky regions where dynamically stable L4 ETAs are likely to reside. No new ETAs were detected in our survey. We place a cumulative upper limit of N(H < 19.1) < 19 on the stable population of objects larger than ~520 m (for an assumed albedo of 0.15). This represents the most stringent constraint on the ETA population to date.

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arXiv2026

Discovery of a Featureless Tidal Disruption Event at z~1 with the Wide Field Survey Telescope

We report the discovery of tidal disruption event (TDE) WFST250820mmsw/AT2025wet by the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). It exhibits a blue nuclear flare throughout the observed evolution with a g-band peak magnitude ~22, which is about 3 magnitudes brighter than its host galaxy. A Keck/LRIS spectrum taken near the optical peak reveals a featureless blue continuum, with no discernible emission lines. However, its redshift can be accurately determined to be 1.037 by its host galaxy absorption lines. Blackbody fits to the multiband spectral energy distribution (SED) of AT2025wet yield a constant temperature of ~19,000K and a peak luminosity of (8.27 +0.92 -0.71)*10^44 erg s^-1 while actually the SED likely peaks at a much shorter wavelength than a 19,000K blackbody. The SED modeling of the host galaxy implies a stellar mass of ~10^11.2 M_odot and an estimated central black hole mass of ~10^8 M_odot, with no evidence of significant active galactic nucleus activity prior to the flare. All of these observations are well consistent with a featureless TDE scenario, making it the highest-redshift non-jetted TDE known to date. TDEs at such high redshift provide us a unique opportunity to explore the intrinsic SEDs of TDEs, particularly to test whether they peak in the extreme-UV regime, thereby addressing the missing energy puzzle and the origin of optical emission in TDEs. Ongoing surveys represented by WFST and the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) are expected to discover an increasing number of TDEs at higher redshifts, which will extend our census of SMBHs across redshift space and help unravel the mysteries of optical TDEs through direct probes of their UV emission.

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arXiv2026

Revisiting the X-ray Variability Plane of AGNs: The Significant Role of the Photon Index

X-ray variability provides a powerful probe of the innermost regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), offering valuable insights into the accretion process and the structure of the corona. Previous studies have established a correlation between the X-ray variability timescale, black hole mass, and luminosity, forming the AGN X-ray variability plane. A possible link between the X-ray spectral photon index and X-ray variability was noted in early studies but has rarely been incorporated into subsequent analyses of the variability plane. Moreover, the limited sample sizes in earlier works have limited the robustness and universality of the X-ray variability plane. In this work, we compile a sample of 112 AGNs with 399 exposures from the 4XMM-DR14 catalog and constrain the correlations between X-ray variability timescale, black hole mass, luminosity, and photon index using the recently developed fitting method, BADDAT {(Baseline-Aware Dependence fitting for DAmping Timescales)}, which enables a robust exploration of an extended parameter space. Our analysis confirms the dependence of the rest-frame variability timescale ($τ_{\rm rest}$) on black hole mass ($M_{\rm BH}$) and further incorporates the photon index ($Γ$) into the variability plane, yielding a best-fit relation of $\log (τ_{\rm rest}/{\rm s}) = 1.22\log (M_{\rm BH}/M_\odot) - 0.24Γ- 3.53$, which is strongly favored over the model with $M_{\rm BH}$ alone. In contrast, the inclusion of luminosity does not produce a comparable improvement. The correlation with $Γ$ likely reflects the effects of Comptonization and the geometry of the corona.

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arXiv2026

X-ray Quasi-Periodic Oscillations in Active Galactic Nuclei and Their Implications for the Changing Look Phenomenon

X-ray timing of active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides a unique probe of gas accretion onto supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs), which trace gas dynamics in the strongly curved spacetime around SMBHs, are rare in AGN. These signals often are analogs of high-frequency QPOs occasionally seen in some black-hole X-ray binaries, and their scarcity in AGN can partly be attributed to the low frequencies expected for typical SMBH masses. Intriguingly, robust X-ray QPO detections in SMBH systems have so far been reported only in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) and tidal disruption events (TDEs). Here we report the discovery of a QPO candidate during the 2018 outburst of the changing-look AGN (CL-AGN) NGC 1566. Numerical simulations indicate that the disk epicyclic oscillations responsible for high-frequency QPOs are damped by magnetohydrodynamic turbulence unless the accretion flow is misaligned and/or eccentric. In TDEs, the stellar debris stream is naturally misaligned with the SMBH spin, while NLS1s may host misaligned disks due to their youth. Motivated by the QPO candidate in NGC 1566, we propose that CL-AGN accretion is also misaligned -- potentially fueled by captured, free-falling broad-line region clouds. This model naturally explains why CL-AGN transition timescales are much shorter than the standard disk viscous timescale. This picture can be tested by searching for QPOs or quasi-periodic eruptions in other CL-AGN.

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arXiv2026

WFST Astrometric Calibration -- I. Modeling Global Geometric Distortion with Zernike Polynomials

Accurate modeling of geometric distortion is essential for precise astrometric calibration in wide-field imaging surveys. We present a self-calibration method based on Zernike polynomials, applied to imaging data from the Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). Our approach constructs a global geometric distortion (GD) model from the position offsets of stars in the WFST r-band relative to Gaia DR3, achieving a median systematic uncertainty of below 10 mas for individual exposures. The correspondence between Zernike polynomials and optical aberrations reveals that the global GD of WFST is dominated by coma, inherent to the optical design, while rapid variations are likely attributed to the atmospheric dispersion corrector. Applying this method to 82 exposures from a single night (20250218), we find that the relative positions of the WFST CCDs remain stable, with standard deviations of less than 0.1 pixel in translation and 1.8 arcsec in rotation. The corrected WFST astrometric system is thereby tied to the Gaia DR3 coordinate frame, with further refinements to be presented in future work.

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arXiv2026

WFST Supernovae in the First Year: I. Statistical Study of 16 Early-phase Type Ia Supernovae from the Pilot Survey

In this paper we present 16 early-phase type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered during the pilot survey of the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST-PS) from March 4 to July 10, 2024, including three SNe Ia with early-excess emission features (EExSNe Ia). The discovery magnitude of the 16 WFST-PS early-phase SNe is at least 3 mag fainter than their peak brightness. A large scatter of color indices is found in approximately the first 10 days of supernova explosions, indicating diverse photometric behaviors in the early phase. Three EExSNe Ia show relatively brighter peak luminosities and longer rise time compared to those of non-EExSNe Ia. The results indicate that current theoretical models require further refinement to fully capture the early photometric evolution of SNe Ia. Based on the initial high-cadence ugr-band data from the WFST-PS survey, we emphasize that early near-ultraviolet (NUV) observations are indispensable for placing tight constraints on the explosion mechanisms and progenitor systems of SNe Ia.

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arXiv2026

WFST Supernovae in the First Year: II. SN 2024aedt: Systematical Study of a Transitional Type Ia Supernova

We present comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic observations of a transitional type Ia SN 2024aedt, discovered by the 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) within one day of the explosion. Its light curve is characterized by a peak absolute magnitude of $M_B = -18.49 \pm 0.03$ mag and a decline rate of $Δm_{15}(B) = 1.53 \pm 0.36$ mag, placing the object on the $Δm_{15}(B)$--$M_B$ diagram in the transition region between normal and subluminous SNe Ia. Furthermore, the early-color evolution and host galaxy environment of SN 2024aedt underscore its transitional nature, sharing properties with both normal and 91bg-like SNe Ia. Light-curve modeling with MOSFiT yields a synthesized $^{56}\mathrm{Ni}$ mass of $0.414 \pm 0.042\,M_{\odot}$ and a total ejecta mass of $0.548 \pm 0.108\,M_{\odot}$. A comparison with theoretical models suggests that the evolutionary trend can be broadly explained by both delayed-detonation (DDT) and double-detonation (DDet) scenarios while possible early-excess emissions predicted by DDet cannot be identified given the limited detections soon after the SN explosion. Although the overall spectral evolution of SN 2024aedt is similar to that of other transitional SNe Ia, the spectroscopic comparison reveals diversity in the early-phase blue-end features, which becomes more homogeneous at later phases. The result indicates the importance of early-time observations in understanding the origin of SN Ia diversity.

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arXiv2026

Illuminating the Mass Gap Through Deep Optical Constraint on a Neutron Star Merger Candidate S250206dm

The gravitational wave (GW) event S250206dm, as the first well-localized neutron star merger candidate potentially located in the mass gap, presented a unique opportunity to probe the electromagnetic signatures from such a system. Here we report a deep, multiband search with the new 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST), covering about 64% of the localization region up to a 5-sigma limiting magnitude of 23 mag. In total, 12 potential candidates have been identified while none of them are likely related to S250206dm. This non-detection provides the most stringent constraint to date on any associated kilonova. Crucially, an AT 2017gfo-like event at 269 Mpc can be excluded by WFST observations alone. Based on ejecta mass limits, a neutron star-black hole with a large mass ratio (Q >= 3.2) is disfavored. This optical-derived constraint on the mass ratio reaches, for the first time, a precision comparable to that inferred from the GW signal. This work presents the best observation of this type of events until now, and demonstrates the power of rapid, deep follow-up observations to constrain the properties of compact binary progenitors, offering key insights into the constituents of the mass gap.

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arXiv2026

Active Galactic Nuclei and STaR fOrmation in Nearby Galaxies AGNSTRONG. III. A Study on Ionized and Warm Molecular Gas Outflows of 6 Type-2 AGNs

Active galactic nucleus (AGN)-driven gas outflows are one of the best tracers of AGN feedback in action, as these powerful outflows expel/heat or compress the surrounding interstellar medium (ISM), thus quenching or enhancing star-forming activity in their hosts. Studying the kinematics of outflows in different gas phases is crucial for comprehending how AGNs impact the ISM within their host galaxies. However, the differences in the physical natures of ionized and warm molecular gas outflows remain largely unexplored. To obtain a complete picture of AGN outflows and their feedback effects, we present a study of both ionized and warm molecular gas outflows in six type-2 AGNs ($z<0.1$) that exhibit strong ionized outflows in previous optical observations. Utilizing the Triple Spectrograph and Double Spectrograph instruments on the Palomar 200-inch Hale Telescope, we conduct spatially resolved measurements in the slit direction of strong emission lines from both ionized and warm molecular gas, such as $\rm [O\ III]$, $\rm Paα$, $\rm H_{2}$ 1-0 S(1), etc., allowing for a direct comparison of their outflow properties. One out of six AGNs shows significant ionized and warm molecular outflows in near-infrared bands, exhibiting the most powerful kinematics and highest luminosity. A positive correlation between the kinematics and AGN luminosity is shown, suggesting that more luminous AGNs, which reflect higher levels of AGN activity, tend to have a greater impact on the gases, probably driving the outflows.

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arXiv2026

A Tidal Disruption Event from an Intermediate-mass Black Hole Revealed by Comprehensive Multi-wavelength Observations

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star crosses the tidal radius of a black hole (BH) and is ripped apart, providing a powerful way to probe dormant BHs over a wide mass range. In this study, we present our late-time observations and comprehensive multi-wavelength analyses of AT2018cqh, a TDE at the center of a dwarf galaxy that exhibited successive flares in the optical, X-ray, and radio bands. We discovered an unexpected high-state X-ray plateau phase following the peak until the present time. Along with its reported prolonged rise lasting at least 550 days, these unique characteristics are consistent with the scenario of a TDE caused by an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) with a mass of approximately $(1-6) \times 10^5$ solar masses. Furthermore, scaling relations derived from the host-galaxy properties indicated a similar BH mass in concert. This discovery highlights the invaluable role of TDEs in the search for elusive IMBHs.

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arXiv2026

The 2.5-meter Wide Field Survey Telescope Real-time Data Processing Pipeline I: From raw data to alert distribution

The Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST) is a dedicated photometric surveying facility built jointly by the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO). Since many of its scientific objectives rely on near-real-time data for effective analysis, prompt processing of WFST images is of great significance. To meet this need, we adapted the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) science pipelines to handle the data collected by WFST. This paper presents the complete data processing workflow, from ingestion of raw images to the distribution of alerts, and details the primary data products generated by our pipeline. Researchers using data processed by this pipeline can refer to this document to fully understand the data processing procedures.

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arXiv2026

Active Galactic Nuclei and STaR fOrmation in Nearby Galaxies (AGNSTRONG). II: Results for Jetted Type-I AGNs with Strong Ionized Gas Outflows

We investigate the correlation between ionized gas outflows, jets, and star formation in a sample of 42 local type-I active galactic nuclei (AGNs) exhibiting significant [O III] outflows. This study uses both new submillimeter (sub-mm) observations and archival data from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Our analysis, which includes a correction for jet emission in the sub-mm bands, fitting spectral energy distribution, and analyzing spectra, enables us to derive star-formation rates (SFRs) through various methods. By comparing radio power and SFRs, we select a sub-sample of jetted AGNs of which radio emission is mostly from the jets. We find that jetted AGNs predominantly lie above the main sequence of star-forming galaxies, suggesting a correlation between jet activity and star formation. By comparing dust extinction, we demonstrate that jetted AGNs do not have more dust which is the fuel of both star formation and AGN activity. Therefore, this correlation is more likely to arise from AGN feedback. We also find that the Eddington ratio does not impact the specific SFRs (sSFRs) of our sample. Additionally, for jetted AGNs, stronger radio emission corresponds to higher sSFRs, suggesting that jet emission may promote star formation, i.e., positive feedback. Our results not only shed light on the feedback mechanisms of AGNs but also underscore the complex interplay between black hole activity and star formation in galaxy evolution.

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arXiv2025

TTC: Transformer-based TDE Classifier for the Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST)

We propose the Transformer-based Tidal disruption events (TDE) Classifier (\texttt{TTC}), specifically designed to operate effectively with both real-time alert streams and archival data of the Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). It aims to minimize the reliance on external catalogs and find TDE candidates from pure light curves, which is more suitable for finding TDEs in faint and distant galaxies. \texttt{TTC} consists of two key modules that can work independently: (1) A light curve parametric fitting module and (2) a Transformer (\texttt{Mgformer})-based classification network. The training of the latter module and evaluation for each module utilize a light curve dataset of 7413 spectroscopically classified transients from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). The \texttt{Mgformer}-based module is superior in performance and flexibility. Its representative recall and precision values are 0.79 and 0.76, respectively, and can be modified by adjusting the threshold. It can also efficiently find TDE candidates within 30 days from the first detection. For comparison, the parametric fitting module yields values of 0.72 and 0.40, respectively, while it is $>$10 times faster in average speed. Hence, the setup of modules allows a trade-off between performance and time, as well as precision and recall. \texttt{TTC} has successfully picked out all spectroscopically identified TDEs among ZTF transients in a real-time classification test, and selected $\sim$20 TDE candidates in the deep field survey data of WFST. The discovery rate will greatly increase once the differential database for the wide field survey is ready.

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arXiv2025

A fast powerful X-ray transient from possible tidal disruption of a white dwarf

Stars captured by black holes (BHs) can be torn apart by strong tidal forces, producing electromagnetic flares. To date, more than 100 tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been observed, each involving invariably normal gaseous stars whose debris falls onto the BH, sustaining the flares over years. White dwarfs (WDs), which are the most prevalent compact stars and a million times denser--and therefore tougher--than gaseous stars, can only be disrupted by intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) of 10^2--10^5 solar masses. WD-TDEs are considered to generate more powerful and short-lived flares, but their evidence has been lacking. Here we report observations of a fast and luminous X-ray transient EP250702a detected by Einstein Probe. Its one-day-long X-ray peak as luminous as 10^(47-49) erg/s showed strong recurrent flares with hard spectra extending to several tens of MeV gamma-rays, as detected by Fermi/GBM and Konus-Wind, indicating relativistic jet emission. The jet's X-ray dropped sharply from 3 x 10^49 erg/s to around 10^44 erg/s within 20 days (10 days in the source rest frame). These characteristics are inconsistent with any known transient phenomena other than a jetted-TDE evolving over an unprecedentedly short timescale, indicating the disruption of a WD by an IMBH. At late times, a new soft component progressively dominates the X-ray spectrum, exhibiting an extreme super-Eddington luminosity, which possibly originates from an accretion disc. WD-TDEs open a new window for investigating the elusive IMBHs and their surrounding stellar environments, and they are prime sources of gravitational waves in the band of space-based interferometers.

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arXiv2025

The Faintest, Extremely Variable X-ray Tidal Disruption Event from a Supermassive Black Hole Binary?

Tidal disruption events (TDEs), which occur when stars enter the tidal radii of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and are subsequently torn apart by their tidal forces, represent intriguing phenomena that stimulate growing research interest and pose an increasing number of puzzles in the era of time-domain astronomy. Here we report an unusual X-ray transient, XID 935, discovered in the 7 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South, the deepest X-ray survey ever. XID 935 experienced an overall X-ray dimming by a factor of more than 40 between 1999 and 2016. Not monotonically decreasing during this period, its X-ray luminosity increased by a factor $> 27$ within 2 months, from $L_{\rm 0.5-7\ keV}<10^{40.87}$ erg s$^{-1}$ (10 October 2014 -- 4 January 2015) to $L_{\rm 0.5-7\ keV}=10^{42.31\pm 0.20}$ erg s$^{-1}$ (16 March 2015). The X-ray position of XID 935 is located at the center of its host galaxy with a spectroscopic redshift of 0.251, whose optical spectra do not display emission characteristics associated with an active galactic nucleus. The peak 0.5--2.0 keV flux is the faintest among all the X-ray-selected TDE candidates to date. Thanks to a total exposure of $\sim 9.5$ Ms in the X-ray bands, we manage to secure relatively well-sampled, 20-year-long X-ray light curves of this deepest X-ray-selected TDE candidate. We find that a partial TDE model could not explain the main declining trend. An SMBH binary TDE model is in acceptable accordance with the light curves of XID 935; however, it fails to match short-timescale fluctuations exactly. Therefore, the exceptional observational features of XID 935 provide a key benchmark for refining quantitative TDE models and simulations.

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