arXiv subjects

Yoshiyuki Tagawa

Publications and source records attributed to Yoshiyuki Tagawa.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Time-Resolved Stress Analysis of Tissue Simulants During Needle-Free Jet Injection

Needle-free jet injection generates transient internal stress fields that can influence tissue deformation, pain-related stimulation, and cellular-level mechanical responses. However, the penetration mechanics have often been inferred from cavity deformation and interpreted mainly as shear-dominated behavior. In this study, high-speed photoelastic measurements were used to visualize and quantify optically integrated stress responses in a 5 wt% gelatin tissue simulant during penetration by two needle-free injectors with different actuation mechanisms: the Actranza Lab, a pyro-drive injector driven by cartridge-based combustion, and the Biojector 2000, a commercially available CO$_2$-driven injector. A polarization camera operated at 60,000 fps was used to obtain the phase difference and principal stress orientation, allowing evaluation of the photoelastic stress-intensity response and its decomposed normal- and shear-stress-related components. Under the same injection volume of 20 $μ$L, the Actranza Lab formed a narrow, depth-oriented cavity, whereas the Biojector 2000 produced a wider, bulged cavity. In both cases, a clear normal-stress-difference component developed around the cavity. This component became comparable to or greater than the shear-stress component for the Actranza Lab and became dominant during the later cavity-bulging stage for the Biojector 2000. These results show that needle-free jet penetration cannot be described solely by shear stress; instead, injector-dependent cavity dynamics generate multi-component tissue loading. The findings provide an engineering basis for evaluating needle-free injector performance and for designing systems that improve delivery while reducing mechanical burden on tissue.

physics.med-ph↗

arXiv2026

Full-component reconstruction of three-dimensional fluid stress tensors

Forces govern how fluids deform biological tissues, regulate cardiovascular function, and determine the performance and failure of soft materials. Recent advances in flow birefringence, including the use of suspended anisotropic nanomaterials to optically encode stress in fluids, have made direct stress measurement experimentally accessible in projection. However, direct experimental access to all six components of the three-dimensional (3D) fluid stress tensor has remained unattainable because optical measurements provide only path-integrated observables. Recovering local 3D stresses from such data constitutes an intrinsically underdetermined tensor tomography problem, where two optical observables must determine six independent stress components. Here we introduce U-FlowPET, an unsupervised physics-informed framework that integrates photoelastic tomography with the governing equations of fluid mechanics to reconstruct the full 3D stress tensor without relying on constitutive assumptions, geometric symmetry, or labeled training data. Rather than learning from labeled reference stress fields, the method identifies physically admissible stress fields that satisfy momentum balance and continuity while remaining consistent with measured optical projections. We validate the approach using analytical, numerical, and experimental datasets. In axisymmetric pipe flow with an analytical solution, all six stress components are reconstructed with normalized mean absolute errors below 4%. Robust reconstruction is further demonstrated in curved-pipe flow without symmetry assumptions and in experimental pipe-flow data despite measurement noise. By enabling direct 3D stress-field reconstruction from optical data alone, U-FlowPET extends fluid analysis from observing motion to quantifying force and establishes a new framework for stress-based diagnostics in biological flows and functional materials.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Flow birefringence measurement in a radial Hele-Shaw cell considering three-dimensional effects

Flow birefringence measurement is an emerging technique for visualizing stress fields in fluid flows. This study investigates flow birefringence in the steady radial Hele-Shaw flow. In the radial Hele-Shaw flow, stress is dominant along the gap direction, challenging the applicability of the conventional stress-optic law (SOL) with measurement from the gap direction. To overcome this problem, we used two types of flow birefringence measurement using radial Hele-Shaw cell and rheometer. We conduct flow birefringence measurements at various flow rates and compare the results with theoretical predictions. The observed phase retardation cannot be quantitatively explained using the conventional SOL, but is successfully described using the second-order SOL, which accounts for stress along the optical direction. The stress-optic coefficient in the second-order SOL was obtained by rheo-optical measurements. This study demonstrates that the combination of the second-order SOL and rheo-optical measurements is essential for an accurate interpretation of flow birefringence in Hele-Shaw flow, providing a noninvasive approach for stress field analysis in high-aspect-ratio geometries.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Cavitation by phase shift of focused shock waves inside a droplet

Localized cavitation in liquids and soft tissues, typically initiated by the rarefaction phase of high-amplitude ultrasound waves, is leveraged in several biomedical applications such as ablation techniques and drug delivery with vaporizing agents. However, safety considerations aimed at avoiding unwanted bubble activity outside the targeted region pose a limit to the maximum allowed peak rarefaction pressure, which on the other hand can hinder the therapeutic efficacy of these techniques. This study shows that a purely compressive shock wave can generate localized, negative pressure and initiate cavitation inside a sub-millimetric perfluorohexane droplet, without requiring any externally applied rarefaction wave. The Gouy phase shift is identified as the physical mechanism responsible for the conversion of positive pressure into tension during shock focusing, and its occurrence is demonstrated through numerical simulations and direct experimental measurements. Comparison of the regions affected by cavitation, visualized \emph{in-situ} by means of high-speed x-ray phase-contrast imaging, with prediction from Classical Nucleation Theory suggests homogeneous nucleation as the underlying mechanism behind bubble formation. The presented findings offer valuable insights into the physics of shock wave propagation which can inspire the development of novel acoustic driving strategies for cavitation generation, facilitating the reduction of negative pressures outside the target region and improving the safety and precision of biomedical treatments.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Measurement of traveling pressure waves inside a droplet

Shock wave-droplet interactions have been receiving increasing attention due to their relevance in aviation fuel combustion and minimally invasive medical treatments, yet quantifying them experimentally remains a challenge. In this study, we propose a background-oriented schlieren (BOS) technique for quantitative spatiotemporal measurements of shock wave-droplet interaction, employing a novel ray-tracing correction, a synchronization system, and a projected background. Underwater shock waves propagating both inside and outside a millimetric perfluorohexane droplet immersed in water are experimentally measured. The quantified density-gradient and pressure fields are compared with numerical simulations, and the BOS measurements-including sound speeds, the shock-focusing location, and the maximum pressure-are found to be in close agreement with the numerical results. Notably, the technique successfully captures the phase shift before and after shock focusing that had previously only been hypothesized.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Penetration of impact-induced jets into skin-simulating materials

This study compares the penetration characteristics of impact-induced jets with those of laser-induced jets, focusing on the underlying penetration mechanism rather than device performance for needle-free injection. Using an impact-induced jet system capable of ejecting a highly focused liquid jet at high speed without the use of lasers, we examine jet penetration into skin-simulating materials. Unlike conventional needle-free injectors that produce diffused liquid jets, the impact-induced method generates a highly focused jet that limits the injected area, thereby reducing invasiveness. Comparative experiments with laser-induced jets show that, even at similar jet tip velocities, impact-induced jets achieve greater penetration depth. The penetration depth remains constant regardless of the offset distance D from the target, owing to the high and nearly uniform velocity of the cylindrical jet root region, indicating that penetration is governed by the cylindrical jet structure. Furthermore, we systematically vary the liquid viscosity, jet inertia, and elastic modulus of the skin-simulating material. To account for cylindrical liquid jet penetration, a shear deformation model is proposed, in which the jet kinetic energy is dissipated through deformation of the gelatin. The model shows good agreement with experimental results and provides a unified physical basis for liquid jet penetration.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Interfacial dynamics induced by impacts across rigid and soft substrates

We investigate impact-induced gas-liquid interfacial dynamics through experiments in which a liquid-filled container impacts substrates with elastic moduli from $O(10^{-1})$ MPa to $O(10^{5})$ MPa. Upon impact, the concave gas-liquid interface inside the container deforms and emits a focused jet. When the jet velocity is normalized by the container impact velocity, all data collapse onto a single curve when plotted against the Cauchy number, $Ca = ρ_{\rm e} V_{\rm i}^2 / E$, which represents the ratio of the inertial force of the container-liquid system to the elastic restoring force of the substrate. The dimensionless jet velocity remains nearly constant for $Ca< 10^{-4}$, but decreases significantly for $Ca > 10^{-4}$. Based on this observation, we define the boundary between the rigid-impact and soft-impact regimes using the Cauchy number, providing a quantitative criterion for what constitutes ``softness'' in impact-driven interfacial flows. To explain the reduction in jet velocity observed in the soft-impact regime, we introduce a framework in which only the impulse transferred within the effective time window for jet formation contributes to interface acceleration. This concept, referred to as the partial impulse, captures the situation where the impact interval (the duration of contact between the container and the substrate) exceeds the focusing interval (the time required for jet formation). By modelling the contact force using an elastic foundation model and solving the resulting momentum equation over the finite impulse window, we quantitatively reproduce the experimental results. This partial impulse framework unifies the dynamics of impact-driven jetting across both rigid and soft substrate regimes, extending the applicability of classical impulse-based models.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2026

Impulse-induced liquid jets from bubbles with arbitrary contact angles

This paper investigates the relationship between the contact angle of a spherical bubble attached to a tube submerged in a container and the jet speed induced by an impulsive acceleration at its base. While it has been well established that bubble geometry strongly influences the ejection speeds of liquid jets, mathematical studies of liquid jets with arbitrary bubble shapes remain limited. In this work, we derive a pressure impulse in the small-cavity limit as a tractable integral of classical Legendre functions. It is shown that the jet speed can be divided into two components: (i) the velocity induced by the hydrostatic pressure impulse distribution created by the curvature of the bubble, and (ii) the velocity induced by the distribution of the submersion of the tube in a container. This decomposition reveals that an optimal bubble curvature emerges only when the tube is submerged: the optimality is absent for non-submerged configurations, where the jet speed increases monotonically with bubble depth. Experiments confirm this non-monotonicity and quantitatively support the predicted shift of the optimal geometry with submersion depth.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Impact-induced viscoelastic bungee-jumper jets with uniform extension and stress

We investigate the dynamics of a "bungee-jumper" jet induced by an impulsive force, which retracts after reaching its peak extension. Despite the strongly extensional and highly nonequilibrium nature of this motion, the jet exhibits simple and uniform rheological responses. To elucidate its extensional behavior in a highly extensional regime quantified by large Deborah and Reynolds numbers ($De \approx 2.1 \times 10^1 - 3.3 \times 10^3$, $Re \approx 2.8 \times 10^1 - 4.6 \times 10^2$), we use high-speed velocimetry and polarization-based stress imaging to measure the spatial distribution of velocity and stress throughout jets made of dilute polyethylene oxide (PEO) solutions. The bungee-jumper jets are found to exhibit two uniform characteristics despite the extreme $De$ conditions: a consistent spatial distribution of the extensional rate and a nearly uniform stress distribution during the jetting motion. These uniformities indicate that the seemingly complex jet dynamics can in fact be effectively represented using a constitutive model with spatially uniform coefficients. Comparison of several viscoelastic models shows that the Voigt model provides the best agreement with the measured dynamics, while the single-spring model captures the essential behavior when elasticity dominates.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Extending flow birefringence analysis to combined extensional-shear flows via Jeffery-Hamel flow measurements

This study investigates the relationship between phase retardation and strain rates in combined extensional-shear flows using the Jeffery-Hamel flow formalism, which yields an analytical velocity solution. Flow birefringence was measured in a 1.0 wt$\%$ cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) suspension using a high-speed polarization camera. The velocity field was validated via particle image velocimetry (PIV), which showed good agreement with the analytical solution. In regions dominated by either shear or extensional components, the birefringence behavior was consistent with prior theoretical and experimental findings. In the combined extensional-shear regions of the Jeffery-Hamel flow, the birefringence magnitude followed the root-sum-square (RSS) of the shear- and extension-induced contributions. This observation aligns with the principal stress formulation derived from Mohr's circle, in which the principal stress is expressed as the RSS of extensional and shear stresses. This finding provides a basis for extending stress-birefringence analysis to flows with coexisting deformation modes.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Granular focused jet

We investigated the formation of granular focused jets defined as narrow upward ejections of grains triggered by impulsive forces and shaped by kinematic focusing on a concave free surface. The jets were generated from nonfluidized granular beds, in contrast to existing granular Worthington jets that originate from fluidized layers. To elucidate the jet dynamics, we performed experiments in which a test tube partially filled with dry glass beads was dropped onto a flat rigid floor, systematically varying the granular pile height$L_{\rm G}$, drop height $H$, and particle size. The resulting jet formation in granular media was driven by the same kinematic focusing mechanism responsible for jetting in liquids. By conducting parallel experiments using low-viscosity silicone oil under identical conditions, we directly compared the granular and liquid jets. At low pile heights, the granular jet velocity quantitatively agreed with the liquid jet velocity. However, at high pile heights, contrasting trends emerged. Specifically, the granular jet velocity decreased with increasing $L_{\rm G}$, while the liquid jet velocity increased due to cavitation. Discrete element method simulations confirmed that the velocity reduction in granular jets arose from energy dissipation via grain--grain contacts during impact force propagation. These findings highlight common mechanisms and distinctive dissipation behaviors in granular and liquid focused jets.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2025

Effect of converging shape of container on the velocity of impact-induced focused liquid jet

We investigated the effect of container shape on the behavior of the impact-induced focused liquid jets by dropping a converging-shaped container (e.g., Kjeldahl flask) partially filled with liquid onto a floor to develop a method for increasing the jet velocity. Note that a similar well-known experiment, Pokrovski's experiment, in which a focused liquid jet is generated in a test tube, is free from the effect of the converging shape. The results showed that the jet was up to about 1.6 times faster in a converging-shaped container than in a test tube, despite the same impact velocity. To understand the mechanism of the increase in the jet velocity, the Laplace equation on the pressure impulse was solved numerically under the boundary condition that the pressure impulse is given at the bottom of the container. The normalized gas-liquid interfacial velocity obtained from the numerical solution of the pressure impulse field agrees well with the normalized jet velocity in experiments, showing that the jets we observed are driven by the pressure impulse generated at the bottom. In addition, numerical solutions of pressure impulse fields in a simpler-shaped container with different degrees of convergence were compared with analytical solutions obtained from a lower-order model of the pressure impulse field. We confirmed that the gas-liquid interfacial velocity of the impact-induced focused liquid jet is governed by changes in both the flow rate and pressure impulse gradient at the central axis of the container caused by changes in the cross-sectional area of the container. We showed that by changing the container shape, we can increase the velocity of the gas-liquid interface after the container impact. This finding is expected to be applied to the ejection and application of high-viscosity liquids as well as to needle-free injection technology using fast focused liquid jets.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Experimental study on the relationship between extensional and shear rheology of low-viscosity power-law fluids

This paper investigates the relationship between extensional and shear viscosity of low-viscosity power-law fluids. We show the first experimental evidence of the conditions satisfying the same power exponents for extensional and shear viscosity, as indicated by the Carreau model. The extensional and shear viscosity are respectively measured by capillary breakup extensional rheometry dripping-onto-substrate (CaBER-DoS) and by a shear rheometer for various Ohnesorge number Oh. The viscosity ranges measured are about O(10^0) to O(104) mPas for shear viscosity and O(10^1) to O(10^3) mPas for apparent extensional viscosity. Our experimental results show that, at least for the range of Oh > 1, the power-law expression for the liquid filament radius, apparent extensional viscosity, and shear viscosity holds, even for low-viscosity fluids under our experimental conditions.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Reconstruction of three-dimensional fluid stress field via photoelasticity using physics-informed convolutional encoder-decoder

Measuring stress fields in fluids and soft materials is crucial in various fields such as mechanical engineering, medicine, and bioengineering. However, conventional methods that calculate stress fields from velocity fields struggle to measure complex fluids where the stress constitutive equation is unknown. To address this, we propose a novel approach that combines photoelastic measurements -- which can non-invasively visualize internal stresses -- with machine learning to measure stress fields. The machine learning model, which we named physics-informed convolutional encoder-decoder (PICED), integrates a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based encoder-decoder model with a physics-informed neural network (PINN). Using this approach, three-dimensional stress fields can be predicted with high accuracy for multiple interpolated data points in a rectangular channel flow.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Stress field in the vicinity of a bubble/sphere moving in a dilute surfactant solution

In this study, we experimentally investigate the stress field around a bubble rising in a dilute surfactant solution (20 < Re < 220, high Peclet numbers) whose surface gradually becomes contaminated, and compare it with that around a sphere free from surface contamination. We employ a newly developed polarization measurement technique, highly sensitive to stress fields near interfaces. First, we validate this method by measuring the flow around a solid sphere settling at Re = 120 and comparing results with numerical predictions, confirming its accuracy. We then measure the stress field around a bubble whose drag force transitions from that of a clean interface to that of a rigid interface within the observation region. The stress near the bubble's front resembles that of a clean bubble, while the rear behaves like a solid sphere. Between these regions, a discontinuous phase retardation near the cap angle indicates a transition from slip to no-slip boundary conditions. Axisymmetric stress reconstruction reveals localized stress spike at the cap angle, which shifts as surfactant accumulates and increases the drag. Remarkably, the measured cap angle versus normalized drag coefficient agrees well with numerical simulations at Re = 100 (Cuenot et al. 1997) and shows only a slight deviation from the creeping-flow stagnant cap model (Sadhal and Johnson 1983). This work demonstrates that polarization-based stress field measurements effectively capture the interplay between surface contamination and hydrodynamics at intermediate Reynolds numbers.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2025

Droplet impact on elastic substrates: force scaling crossover

Droplet impacts are fundamental to fluid-structure interactions, shaping processes from erosion to bioprinting. While previous scaling laws have provided insights into droplet dynamics, force scaling laws remain insufficiently understood, particularly for soft substrates where both the droplet and substrate deform significantly. Here, we show that droplet impacts on elastic substrates exhibit a scaling crossover in maximum impact force, transitioning from inertial force scaling, typical for rigid substrates under high inertia, to Hertzian impact scaling, characteristic of rigid spheres on elastic substrates. Using high-speed photoelastic tomography, we captured high-resolution dynamic stress fields and identified a similarity parameter governing the interplay between droplet inertia, substrate elasticity, and deformation time scales. Our findings redefine how substrate properties influence impact forces, demonstrating that droplets under high inertia -- long thought to follow inertial force scaling -- can instead follow Hertzian impact scaling on soft substrates. This framework provides practical insights for designing soft, impact-resistant materials.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2024

Drop impact onto a heated surface in a depressurized environment

We investigated the impact of a droplet on a heated surface in a depressurized environment, with a particular focus on the unique outcome observed under these conditions: magic carpet breakup. This phenomenon, first reported by Hatakenaka et al. [Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 145, 118729(2019)], describes an explosive, widespread rebound of the drop. A newly-developed thin-film Fe-Ni thermocouple array with $20~\mathrm{nm}$ thick layers unveiled surface temperature during the magic carpet breakup. This high-speed surface temperature measurement was synchronized with total internal reflection (TIR) imaging. The bubble growth and the subsequent pressure release eventually led to an explosive rebound of the drop. The bubble grew almost linearly with a slight acceleration, significantly different from the asymptotic growth observed for the bubble on a superheated substrate in a liquid pool. The growth rate remained low even when the surface was superheated to delta T = 60 K, but it increased sharply afterward. The surface temperature decreased sharply as the measuring junction became wet but did not recover immediately after the ring-shaped contact region passed. Remarkably, the study captured liquid microdroplets forming at the receding contact line of a growing bubble via a side-view camera and TIR. The surface temperature remained relatively low due to the evaporation of microdroplets. The threshold for microdroplet formation is related to the bubble growth rate.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2024

High-resolution pressure imaging via background-oriented schlieren tomography: a spatiotemporal measurement for MHz ultrasound fields and hydrophone calibration

In this work, the spatiotemporal pressure field of MHz-focused ultrasound is measured using a background-oriented schlieren technique combined with fast checkerboard demodulation and vector tomography (VT-BOS). Hydrophones have been commonly employed to directly measure the local pressure in underwater ultrasound. However, their limitations include that they disturb the acoustic field and affect the measured pressure through the spatial averaging effect. To overcome such limitations, we propose VT-BOS as a non-contact technique for acoustic field measurements using only a background image and a camera. In our experiments, VT-BOS measures focused acoustic fields with a focal width of 1.0 mm and a frequency of 4.55 MHz, capturing traveling, reflected, and standing waves. We discuss three key features of this approach:(1) the temporal evolution of pressure measured by VT-BOS and hydrophones, (2) the differences in computational cost and spatial resolution between VT-BOS and other techniques, and (3) the measurement range of VT-BOS. The results demonstrate that VT-BOS successfully quantifies spatiotemporal acoustic fields and can estimate the hydrophones' spatial averaging effect over a finite area. VT-BOS measures pressure fields of several MPa with high spatiotemporal resolution, requiring less computational and measurement time. It is used to measure pressure amplitudes from 0.4 to 6.4 MPa, with the potential to extend the range to 0.3 ~ 201.6 MPa by adjusting the background-to-target distance. VT-BOS is a promising tool for measuring acoustic pressure in the MHz and MPa ranges, critical for applications such as vessel flow measurement and hydrophone calibration.

physics.flu-dyn↗