Magnetically dead layer in interacting ultrafine NiFe2O4 nanoparticles
The relation of the magnetically dead layer and structural defects in ultrafine interacting NiFe2O4 nanoparticles ( = 4 nm) have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ^57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and dc magnetization and ac susceptibility measurements. According to the magnetic data, we found out three magnetic subsystems in NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The first one with the lowest blocking (spin freezing) temperature (TS = 8 K) established by atomic magnetic moments of magnetically disordered particles with the d < 4 nm. The other two subsystems are formed by the magnetic moments of the "core" of nanoparticles having size more than 4 nm and correlated surface spins in nanoparticle clusters, correspondingly. Magnetic moments of ferrimagnetically ordered "core" are blocking at a higher temperature ( \approx 40 K). It has been shown that the most significant contribution to the energy dissipation is made upon blocking of the correlated nanoparticle surface spins from the magnetically dead layer on the nanoparticles' surface. By the magnetic data, the thickness of this layer is dmd \approx 1 nm for a particle with the \approx 4 nm. At the same time or meanwhile, the ^57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy has revealed a structural disorder penetrating to a depth of up to dcd \approx 0.6 nm in a particle with = 4 nm. This evidences for a faster destruction of the magnetic order as compared with the crystal order upon moving away from the center of a particle to its periphery.