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Yuheng Song

Publications and source records attributed to Yuheng Song.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

MMShopBench: A Real-Log Benchmark for Multimodal, Multi-Turn Shopping Agents

Online shoppers increasingly turn to AI shopping assistants, using images and multi-turn dialogue to express and refine product needs that are difficult to articulate in text alone. However, existing benchmarks largely rely on text-only or synthetic requests, underrepresenting complex real-world shopping requirements jointly expressed through images and language. We introduce MMShopBench, the first real-log benchmark for multimodal, multi-turn shopping agents. Built from carefully cleaned and manually annotated shopping logs, MMShopBench provides ground-truth annotations of each request's purchase intent and mandatory product requirements. Agents must infer these requirements jointly from user images and multi-turn dialogue, retrieve candidate products through image and text search, and verify that each candidate satisfies all requirements using its product images and structured attributes. We evaluate representative open-source and proprietary models using an evidence-grounded multimodal protocol and construct a companion training set for fine-tuning an open-source model. To ensure reproducible experimentation, we build an offline shopping sandbox, where fine-tuning substantially narrows the performance gap between our open-source model and leading proprietary models, demonstrating the effectiveness of our training data.

cs.AI

Sub-Terahertz Channel Performance under Snowfall

The terahertz (THz) band promises terabit-per-second links but is highly sensitive to snowfall. Natural snowflakes are non-spherical. Yet existing THz studies treat them as spheres under Mie theory, and no ITU-R model covers THz snow attenuation. This work combines line-of-sight measurements at 120, 140, and 160 GHz with physics-based scattering modeling. The measured loss is compared against the ITU-R P.1817-1 optical model, Mie models, and a discrete dipole approximation (DDA) for randomly oriented hexagonal-plate ice crystals, each with the Scott and Gunn-Marshall size distributions. Over the measured band, ITU-R P.1817-1 overestimates and the Mie models underestimate the loss. The shape-aware DDA-Scott model agrees best, with the lowest RMSE at every frequency. From DDA-Scott, we derive a compact modified ITU-R expression in carrier frequency and liquid-water-equivalent (LWE) rate. It reproduces the reference to within 2.5 dB/km over 100-500 GHz and 0-3 mm/h. A Rician K-factor analysis shows the channel stays LoS-dominated, so snowfall degrades the link mainly through attenuation, not multipath fading. A QPSK/16-QAM link-budget analysis then quantifies the cost of the spherical assumption. Mie-based margins overestimate the tolerable snowfall rate by 3.4 across 120-160 GHz, rising toward 5.8 in the upper transparency windows by model extrapolation. The model is further mapped into snow-limited range and adaptive-modulation switching boundaries. These results support future ITU-R recommendations for THz channels under snowfall.

physics.app-ph

Opportunistic Lower-Terahertz Rainfall Estimation with DSD-Constrained Channel Characterization

Rain-induced attenuation and scattering become significant at terahertz (THz) frequencies, and exploiting this rain sensitivity is necessary both to safeguard link reliability and to enable opportunistic environmental sensing without dedicated instrumentation, a capability that remains largely unvalidated on real outdoor channels above 100 GHz. This article investigates opportunistic rainfall estimation using measured lower-terahertz (THz) channels at 140 and 229 GHz. Outdoor measurements over a 41.5-m rain-exposed path are used to characterize rain-induced attenuation and the rainfall dependence of an effective Rician K-factor. Because the path-representative drop-size distribution (DSD) is unavailable, several propagation-model scenarios based on ITU-R P.838-3 and Mie theory with canonical DSDs are employed to quantify model-form sensitivity. These channel characteristics are then used to generate physics-constrained synthetic received-power sequences for training RainFormer, a compact attention-convolution regression network that combines temporal features with explicit attenuation and fluctuation statistics. Under matched synthetic conditions, RainFormer achieves RMSEs of 0.1782 and 0.2925 mm/h at 140 and 229 GHz, respectively, and outperforms the investigated convolutional and Transformer baselines in most metric-frequency combinations. Direct application to the independent measured dataset produces physically consistent rainfall estimates at 140 GHz and demonstrates that received-power fluctuations provide useful information beyond mean attenuation. The results establish a measurement-informed framework for evaluating lower-THz links as opportunistic rainfall sensors while explicitly accounting for propagation-model uncertainty.

physics.app-ph

SkillChain: Closing the Loop on Skill Evolution for Image-Based E-Commerce AI Assistants

Image-based AI assistants are now deployed at production scale on e-commerce platforms, where a single uploaded image can trigger fundamentally different user intents: product search, style recommendation, visual encyclopedia, or utility tool calls, each demanding its own response format, tool invocation, and domain knowledge. Without per-intent behavioral constraints, LLM-based systems conflate these heterogeneous modes and fall short of domain quality standards, while the breadth and dynamism of the intent space render manual engineering infeasible. To address this, we present SkillChain, which closes the production feedback loop on Skill evolution, automating the lifecycle of Skills through three stages: Skill Creator for bootstrapping from task specs and trajectories, Route Optimizer for routing alignment, and Body Refiner for iterative Skill Body refinement via dual-path LLM-Judge evaluation. Deployed on a production-scale e-commerce image assistant, SkillChain substantially improves aggregate response quality, with the strongest gains on structural compliance and content quality; a one-week online A/B experiment further confirms significant gains in user engagement, content consumption, and long-term retention.

cs.CL

Frequency-Selective Rain Attenuation on Terahertz Channels

Rain introduces broadband and frequency-selective attenuation in wideband terahertz (THz) links, making it necessary to identify a compact spectral descriptor that captures how the dominant loss region evolves with rainfall conditions. This article investigates the peak-frequency behavior of rain attenuation by combining Mie theory calculations with one separable laboratory Gaussian drop-size distribution (DSD) and eight outdoor empirical DSD models whose spectral shapes vary with rainfall rate. The analysis compares total loss, absorption, and scattering components, examines the roles of the characteristic DSD scale and representative drop size statistics, and evaluates the effect of temperature on the peak location. The results show that, unlike the fixed-shape laboratory case where the peak frequency remains unchanged with rainfall rate, all outdoor empirical DSD models exhibit a monotonic migration of the attenuation peak toward lower frequencies as rainfall rate increases. This migration follows a quasi-exact inverse scaling with the rainfall-dependent DSD characteristic scale, follows a family-specific asymptotic power law in rainfall rate, and is governed mainly by characteristic drop size, while fixed-temperature dielectric dispersion contributes only secondary corrections in the broad-peak, low-rainfall regime.

physics.app-ph

Propagation Performance of Terahertz Channels in Lunar Dust

The growing lunar exploration programs require robust communication systems for dust-laden environments, necessitating comprehensive understanding of channel propagation characteristics. We present an analysis of terahertz channel propagation through lunar dust environments, critical for reliable communication and sensing infrastructure. We develop an extended Mie scattering model incorporating unique properties of lunar dust particles from Apollo samples (10084, 14003, 70051), including irregular morphology, dielectric characteristics, and charge-dependent behavior. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, we examine power and bit error rate performance across varying dust conditions, revealing distinct relationships between particle characteristics and channel performance.

physics.app-ph

Measurement and Modeling on Terahertz Channel Propagation Through Vegetation

The terahertz band offers promising opportunities for high-capacity wireless communications but faces significant challenges from vegetation-induced channel impairments. This article presents a comprehensive investigation of THz channel propagation through vegetation, introducing a hybrid modeling approach that combines deterministic vegetation dependent exponential decay modeling with statistical characterization of temporal variations. Through extensive laboratory measurements using Epipremnum aureum, we find that vegetation introduces angular-dependent power losses, with channel statistics following heavy tailed Stable distributions rather than conventional Rician or Weibull models. Our outdoor measurements with dense and sparse lilac scenarios reveal pronounced seasonal variations in attenuation and height-dependent effects, while validating the VED model's ability to maintain excellent agreement with measured data and parameter stability across different heights. Critical bit error rate analysis uncovers distinct SNR thresholds beyond which performance exhibits oscillatory behavior due to heavy-tailed fading, with significant implications for modulation scheme selection and power control strategies in practical THz communication systems.

physics.app-ph

Terahertz channel power and BER performance in rain

Terahertz (THz) communications have emerged as a promising technology for 6G networks due to their potential for achieving terabit-per-second data rates. However, the impact of rainfall on THz channel characteristics remains incompletely understood, particularly regarding power attenuation mechanisms and bit error rate (BER) performance. This article presents a systematic measurement-based and theoretical investigation of line-of-sight (LoS) THz channel behavior under rainfall conditions, methodically examining both power attenuation mechanisms and bit error rate (BER) performance. Our experimental campaign, conducted at frequencies of 220-230 GHz over a 54-meter outdoor channel, is complemented by analytical frameworks incorporating ITU-R and Mie scattering models. The study reveals that while rain induces significant power attenuation, multipath scattering effects remain minimal, with Rician K-factors maintaining high values. Notably, we observe substantial variations in power loss under constant rain rates, attributed to dynamic changes in raindrop size distribution. Comparative analysis demonstrates superior BER performance of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in rainfall conditions, while revealing increased environmental sensitivity at higher frequencies. These findings underscore the necessity for adaptive modulation schemes and strategic frequency planning in future THz communication systems.

physics.app-ph

Terahertz Channels in Atmospheric Conditions: Propagation Characteristics and Security Performance

With the growing demand for higher wireless data rates, the interest in extending the carrier frequency of wireless links to the terahertz (THz) range has significantly increased. For long-distance outdoor wireless communications, THz channels may suffer substantial power loss and security issues due to atmospheric weather effects. It is crucial to assess the impact of weather on high-capacity data transmission to evaluate wireless system link budgets and performance accurately. In this article, we provide an insight into the propagation characteristics of THz channels under atmospheric conditions and the security aspects of THz communication systems in future applications. We conduct a comprehensive survey of our recent research and experimental findings on THz channel transmission and physical layer security, synthesizing and categorizing the state-of-the-art research in this domain. Our analysis encompasses various atmospheric phenomena, including molecular absorption, scattering effects, and turbulence, elucidating their intricate interactions with THz waves and the resultant implications for channel modeling and system design. Furthermore, we investigate the unique security challenges posed by THz communications, examining potential vulnerabilities and proposing novel countermeasures to enhance the resilience of these high-frequency systems against eavesdropping and other security threats. Finally, we discuss the challenges and limitations of such high-frequency wireless communications and provide insights into future research prospects for realizing the 6G vision, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to overcome the atmospheric hurdles and security concerns in THz communications.

eess.SP

Permanence for continuous-time competitive Kolmogorov systems via the carrying simplex

In this paper we study the permanence and impermanence for continuous-time competitive Kolmogorov systems via the carrying simplex. We first give an extension to attractors of V. Hutson's results on the existence of repellors in continuous-time dynamical systems that have found wide use in the study of permanence via average Liapunov functions. We then give a general criterion for the stability of the boundary of carrying simplex for competitive Kolmogorov systems of differential equations, which determines the permanence and impermanence of such systems. Based on the criterion, we present a complete classification of the permanence and impermanence in terms of inequalities on parameters for all three-dimensional competitive systems which have linearly determined nullclines. The results are applied to many classical models in population dynamics including the Lotka-Volterrra system, Gompertz system, Leslie-Gower system and Ricker system.

math.DS

Improving Emotional Expression and Cohesion in Image-Based Playlist Description and Music Topics: A Continuous Parameterization Approach

Text generation in image-based platforms, particularly for music-related content, requires precise control over text styles and the incorporation of emotional expression. However, existing approaches often need help to control the proportion of external factors in generated text and rely on discrete inputs, lacking continuous control conditions for desired text generation. This study proposes Continuous Parameterization for Controlled Text Generation (CPCTG) to overcome these limitations. Our approach leverages a Language Model (LM) as a style learner, integrating Semantic Cohesion (SC) and Emotional Expression Proportion (EEP) considerations. By enhancing the reward method and manipulating the CPCTG level, our experiments on playlist description and music topic generation tasks demonstrate significant improvements in ROUGE scores, indicating enhanced relevance and coherence in the generated text.

cs.CL