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Yuichi Harikane

Publications and source records attributed to Yuichi Harikane.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
arXiv2023

Pure Spectroscopic Constraints on UV Luminosity Functions and Cosmic Star Formation History From 25 Galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$ Confirmed with JWST/NIRSpec

We present pure spectroscopic constraints on the UV luminosity functions and cosmic star formation rate (SFR) densities from 25 galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-13.20$. By reducing the JWST/NIRSpec spectra taken in multiple programs of ERO, ERS, GO, and DDT with our analysis technique, we independently confirm 16 galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=8.61-11.40$ including new redshift determinations, and a bright interloper at $z_\mathrm{spec}=4.91$ that was claimed as a photometric candidate at z~16. In conjunction with nine galaxies at redshifts up to $z_\mathrm{spec}=13.20$ in the literature, we make a sample of 25 spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies in total and carefully derive the best estimates and lower limits of the UV luminosity functions. These UV luminosity function constraints are consistent with the previous photometric estimates within the uncertainties and indicate mild redshift evolution towards z~12 showing tensions with some theoretical models of rapid evolution. With these spectroscopic constraints, we obtain firm lower limits of the cosmic SFR densities and spectroscopically confirm a high SFR density at z~12 beyond the constant star-formation efficiency models, which supports earlier claims from the photometric studies. While there are no spectroscopically-confirmed galaxies with very large stellar masses violating the $Λ$CDM model due to the removal of the bright interloper, we confirm star-forming galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=11-13$ with stellar masses much higher than model predictions. Our results indicate possibilities of high star-formation efficiency (>5%), hidden AGN, top-heavy initial mass function (possibly with Pop-III), and large scatter/variance. Having these successful and unsuccessful spectroscopy results, we suggest observational strategies for efficiently removing low redshift interlopers for future JWST programs.

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arXiv2023

JWST Identification of Extremely Low C/N Galaxies with [N/O]$\gtrsim 0.5$ at $z\sim 6-10$ Evidencing the Early CNO-Cycle Enrichment and a Connection with Globular Cluster Formation

We present chemical abundance ratios of 70 star-forming galaxies at $z\sim4$-10 observed by the JWST/NIRSpec ERO, GLASS, and CEERS programs. Among the 70 galaxies, we have pinpointed 2 galaxies, CEERS_01019 at $z=8.68$ and GLASS_150008 at $z=6.23$, with extremely low C/N ([C/N]$\lesssim -1$), evidenced with CIII]$λλ$1907,1909, NIII]$λ$1750, and NIV]$λλ$1483,1486, which show high N/O ratios ([N/O]$\gtrsim 0.5$) comparable with the one of GN-z11 regardless of whether stellar or AGN radiation is assumed. Such low C/N and high N/O ratios found in CEERS_01019 and GLASS_150008 (additionally identified in GN-z11) are largely biased towards the equilibrium of the CNO cycle, suggesting that these 3 galaxies are enriched by metals processed by the CNO cycle. On the C/N vs. O/H plane, these 3 galaxies do not coincide with Galactic HII regions, normal star-forming galaxies, and nitrogen-loud quasars with asymptotic giant branch stars, but globular-cluster (GC) stars, indicating a connection with GC formation. We compare C/O and N/O of these 3 galaxies with those of theoretical models, and find that these 3 galaxies are explained by scenarios with dominant CNO-cycle materials, i.e. Wolf-Rayet stars, supermassive ($10^{3}-10^{5}\ M_{\odot}$) stars, and tidal disruption events, interestingly with a requirement of frequent direct collapses. For all the 70 galaxies, we present measurements of Ne/O, S/O, and Ar/O, together with C/O and N/O. We identify 4 galaxies with very low Ne/O, $\log(\rm Ne/O)<-1.0$, indicating abundant massive ($\gtrsim30\ M_\odot$) stars.

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arXiv2023

A JWST/NIRSpec First Census of Broad-Line AGNs at z=4-7: Detection of 10 Faint AGNs with M_BH~10^6-10^8 M_sun and Their Host Galaxy Properties

We present a first statistical sample of faint type-1 AGNs at $z>4$ identified by JWST/NIRSpec deep spectroscopy. Among the 185 galaxies at $z_\mathrm{spec}=3.8-8.9$ confirmed with NIRSpec, our systematic search for broad-line emission reveals 10 type-1 AGNs at $z=4.015-6.936$ whose broad component is only seen in the permitted H$α$ line and not in the forbidden [OIII]$λ$5007 line that is detected with greater significance than H$α$. The broad H$α$ line widths of $\mathrm{FWHM}\simeq1000-6000\ \mathrm{km\ s^{-1}}$ suggest that the AGNs have low-mass black holes with $M_\mathrm{BH}\sim10^6-10^8\ M_\odot$, remarkably lower than those of low-luminosity quasars previously identified at $z>4$ with ground-based telescopes. JWST and HST high-resolution images reveal that the majority of them show extended morphologies indicating significant contribution to the total lights from their host galaxies, except for three compact objects two of which show red SEDs, probably in a transition phase from faint AGNs to low luminosity quasars. Careful AGN-host decomposition analyses show that their host's stellar masses are systematically lower than the local relation between the black hole mass and the stellar mass, implying a fast black hole growth consistent with predictions from theoretical simulations. A high fraction of the broad-line AGNs ($\sim5\%$), higher than $z\sim0$, indicates that a number density of such faint AGNs is higher than an extrapolation of the quasar luminosity function, implying a large population of AGNs including type 1 and type 2 in the early universe. Such faint AGNs contribute to cosmic reionization, while the total contribution is not large, up to $\sim50\%$ at $z\sim6$, because of their faint nature.

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arXiv2023

Constraint on the event rate of general relativistic instability supernovae from the early JWST deep field data

General relativistic instability supernovae at ~10 < z < ~15 are predicted to be observed as red faint point sources, and they can be detected only in the reddest filters in JWST/NIRCam (F444W and F356W). They should be observed as persistent point sources with little flux variations for a couple of decades because of time dilation. We search for static point sources detected only in the F444W filter or only in the F444W and F356W filters in the early JWST deep field data. No real point source of such kind is identified. Therefore, the general relativistic instability supernova rate at ~10 < z < ~15 is constrained to be less than ~ 8e-7 Mpc-3 yr-1 for the first time.

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arXiv2023

FOREVER22: the first bright galaxies with population III stars at redshifts $z \simeq 10-20$ and comparisons with JWST data

We study the formation of the first galaxies in overdense regions modelled by the FORmation and EVolution of galaxies in Extremely overdense Regions motivated by SSA22 (FOREVER22) simulation project. Our simulations successfully reproduce the star formation rates and the $M_{\rm UV}-M_{\rm star}$ relations of candidate galaxies at $z \sim 10-14$ observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We suggest that the observed galaxies are hosted by dark-matter haloes with $M_{\rm h} \gtrsim 10^{10}~{\rm M_{\odot}}$ and are in short-period starburst phases. On the other hand, even simulated massive galaxies in overdense regions cannot reproduce the intense star formation rates and the large stellar masses of observed candidates at $z \sim 16$. Also, we show that the contribution of population III stars to the UV flux decreases as the stellar mass increases and it is a few percent for galaxies with $M_{\rm star} \sim 10^{7}~{\rm M_{\odot}}$. Therefore, a part of the observed flux by JWST could be the light from population III stars. Our simulations suggest that the UV flux can be dominated by population III stars and the UV-slope shows $β\lesssim -3$ if future observations would reach galaxies with $M_{\rm stars} \sim 10^{5}~{\rm M_{\odot}}$ at $z \sim 20$ of which the mass fraction of population III stars can be greater than 10 percent.

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arXiv2023

Redshift Evolution of the Electron Density in the ISM at $z\sim 0-9$ Uncovered with JWST/NIRSpec Spectra and Line-Spread Function Determinations

We present electron densities $n_{\rm e}$ in the inter-stellar medium (ISM) of star-forming galaxies at $z=4-9$ observed by the JWST/NIRSpec GLASS, ERO, and CEERS programs. We carefully evaluate line-spread functions of the NIRSpec instrument as a function of wavelength with the calibration data of a planetary nebula taken onboard, and obtain secure [OII]$λλ$3726,3729 doublet fluxes for 14 galaxies at $z=4.02-8.68$ falling on the star-formation main sequence with the NIRSpec high and medium resolution spectra. We thus derive the electron densities of singly-ionized oxygen nebulae with the standard $n_{\rm e}$ indicator of [OII] doublet, and find that the electron densities of the $z=4-9$ galaxies are $n_{\rm e}\gtrsim 300$ cm$^{-3}$ significantly higher than those of low-$z$ galaxies at a given stellar mass, star-formation rate (SFR), and specific SFR. Interestingly, typical electron densities of singly ionized nebulae increase from $z=0$ to $z=1-3$ and $z=4-9$, which is approximated by the evolutionary relation of $n_{\rm e}\propto(1+z)^{p}$ with $p\sim 1-2$. Although it is not obvious that the ISM property of $n_{\rm e}$ is influenced by global galaxy properties, these results may suggest that nebula densities of high-$z$ galaxies are generally high due to the compact morphologies of high-$z$ galaxies evolving by $r_{\rm e}$ approximately proportional to $(1+z)^{-1}$ ($r_{\rm vir} \propto (1+z)^{-1}$) for a given stellar (halo) mass whose inverse square corresponds to the $p\sim 2$ evolutionary relation. The $p\sim 1-2$ evolutionary relation can be explained by a combination of the compact morphology and the reduction of $n_{\rm e}$ due to the high electron temperature of the high-$z$ metal poor nebulae.

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arXiv2023

SILVERRUSH. XIII. A Catalog of 20,567 Ly$α$ Emitters at $z=2-7$ Identified in the Full-depth Data of the Subaru/HSC-SSP and CHORUS Surveys

We present 20,567 Ly$α$ emitters (LAEs) at $z=2.2-7.3$ that are photometrically identified by the SILVERRUSH program in a large survey area up to 25 deg$^2$ with deep images of five broadband filters (grizy) and seven narrowband filters targeting Ly$α$ lines at $z=2.2$, $3.3$, $4.9$, $5.7$, $6.6$, $7.0$, and $7.3$ taken by the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) and the Cosmic HydrOgen Reionization Unveiled with Subaru (CHORUS) survey. We select secure $>5σ$ sources showing narrowband color excesses via Ly$α$ break screening, taking into account the spatial inhomogeneity of limiting magnitudes. After removing spurious sources by careful masking and visual inspection of coadded and multi-epoch images obtained over the 7 yr of the surveys, we construct LAE samples consisting of 6995, 4641, 726, 6124, 2058, 18, and 5 LAEs at $z=2.2$, 3.3, 4.9, 5.7, 6.6, 7.0, and 7.3, respectively, although the $z=7.3$ candidates are tentative. Our LAE catalogs contain 241 spectroscopically confirmed LAEs at the expected redshifts from previous work. We demonstrate that the number counts of our LAEs are consistent with previous studies with similar LAE selection criteria. The LAE catalogs will be made public on our project webpage with detailed descriptions of the content and ancillary information about the masks and limiting magnitudes.

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arXiv2023

Roman CCS White Paper: Identifying high-redshift pair-instability supernovae by adding sparse F213 filter observations

Pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) are explosions of very massive stars that may have played a critical role in the chemical evolution and reionization of the early Universe. In order to quantify their roles, it is required to know the PISN event rate at z > 6. Although Roman Space Telescope has a capability to discover PISNe at z > 6, identifying rare high-redshift PISN candidates among many other transients is challenging. In order to efficiently identify PISN candidates at z > 6, we propose to add sparse F213 observations reaching 26.5 mag (or deeper) every half year in the High Latitude Time Domain Survey. By adding the F213 information, PISNe at z > 6 can be efficiently identified in the color-magnitude diagram.

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arXiv2023

Big Three Dragons: Molecular Gas in a Bright Lyman-Break Galaxy at $z=7.15$

We report ALMA Band 3 observations of CO(6-5), CO(7-6), and [CI](2-1) in B14-65666 (``Big Three Dragons''), one of the brightest Lyman-Break Galaxies at $z>7$ in the rest-frame ultraviolet continuum, far-infrared continuum, and emission lines of [OIII] 88 $μ$m and [CII] 158 $μ$m. CO(6-5), CO(7-6), and [CI](2-1), whose $3σ$ upper limits on the luminosities are approximately 40 times fainter than the [CII] luminosity, are all not detected. The $L_{\rm [CII]}$/$L_{\rm CO(6-5)}$ and $L_{\rm [CII]}$/$L_{\rm CO(7-6)}$ ratios are higher than the typical ratios obtained in dusty star-forming galaxies or quasar host galaxies at similar redshifts, and they may suggest a lower gas density in the photodissociated region in B14-65666. By using the (1) [CII] luminosity, (2) dust mass-to-gas mass ratio, and (3) a dynamical mass estimate, we find that the molecular gas mass ($M_{\rm{mol}}$) is $(0.05-11)\times10^{10}$ $M_{\rm \odot}$. This value is consistent with the upper limit inferred from the nondetection of mid-$J$ CO and [CI](2-1). Despite the large uncertauinty in $M_{\rm mol}$, we estimate a molecular gas-to-stellar mass ratio ($μ_{\rm{gas}}$) of $0.65-140$ and a gas depletion time ($τ_{\rm dep}$) of $2.5-550$ Myr; these values are broadly consistent with those of other high-redshift galaxies. B14-65666 could be an ancestor of a passive galaxy at $z\gtrsim4$ if no gas is fueled from outside the galaxy.

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arXiv2023

GREX-PLUS Science Book

GREX-PLUS (Galaxy Reionization EXplorer and PLanetary Universe Spectrometer) is a mission candidate for a JAXA's strategic L-class mission to be launched in the 2030s. Its primary sciences are two-fold: galaxy formation and evolution and planetary system formation and evolution. The GREX-PLUS spacecraft will carry a 1.2 m primary mirror aperture telescope cooled down to 50 K. The two science instruments will be onboard: a wide-field camera in the 2-8 $μ$m wavelength band and a high resolution spectrometer with a wavelength resolution of 30,000 in the 10-18 $μ$m band. The GREX-PLUS wide-field camera aims to detect the first generation of galaxies at redshift $z>15$. The GREX-PLUS high resolution spectrometer aims to identify the location of the water ``snow line'' in proto-planetary disks. Both instruments will provide unique data sets for a broad range of scientific topics including galaxy mass assembly, origin of supermassive blackholes, infrared background radiation, molecular spectroscopy in the interstellar medium, transit spectroscopy for exoplanet atmosphere, planetary atmosphere in the Solar system, and so on.

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arXiv2023

Quasar Luminosity Function at z = 7

We present the quasar luminosity function (LF) at $z = 7$, measured with 35 spectroscopically confirmed quasars at $6.55 < z < 7.15$. The sample of 22 quasars from the Subaru High-$z$ Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, combined with 13 brighter quasars in the literature, covers an unprecedentedly wide range of rest-frame ultraviolet magnitudes over $-28 < M_{1450} < -23$. We found that the binned LF flattens significantly toward the faint end populated by the SHELLQs quasars. A maximum likelihood fit to a double power-law model has a break magnitude $M^*_{1450} = -25.60^{+0.40}_{-0.30}$, a characteristic density $Φ^* = 1.35^{+0.47}_{-0.30}$ Gpc$^{-3}$ mag$^{-1}$, and a bright-end slope $β= -3.34^{+0.49}_{-0.57}$, when the faint-end slope is fixed to $α= -1.2$ as observed at $z \le 6$. The overall LF shape remains remarkably similar from $z = 4$ to $7$, while the amplitude decreases substantially toward higher redshifts, with a clear indication of an accelerating decline at $z \ge 6$. The estimated ionizing photon density, $10^{48.2 \pm 0.1}$ s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, is less than 1 % of the critical rate to keep the intergalactic medium ionized at $z = 7$, and thus indicates that quasars are not a major contributor to cosmic reionization.

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arXiv2023

Morphologies of Galaxies at $z \gtrsim 9$ Uncovered by JWST/NIRCam Imaging: Cosmic Size Evolution and an Identification of an Extremely Compact Bright Galaxy at $z\sim 12$

We present morphologies of galaxies at $z \gtrsim 9$ resolved by JWST/NIRCam $2$-$5μ$m imaging. Our sample consists of $22$ galaxy candidates identified by stringent dropout and photo-$z$ criteria in GLASS, CEERS, SMACS J0723, and Stephan's Quintet flanking fields, one of which has been spectroscopically identified at $z=11.44$. We perform surface brightness (SB) profile fitting with GALFIT for $6$ bright galaxies with S/N $=10$-$40$ on an individual basis and for stacked faint galaxies with secure point-spread functions (PSFs) of the NIRCam real data, carefully evaluating systematics by Monte-Carlo simulations. We compare our results with those of previous JWST studies, and confirm that effective radii $r_{\rm e}$ of our measurements are consistent with those of previous measurements at $z\sim 9$. We obtain $r_{\rm e}\simeq 200$-$300$ pc with the exponential-like profiles, Sérsic indexes of $n\simeq 1$-$1.5$, for galaxies at $z\sim 12$-$16$, indicating that the relation of $r_{\rm e}\propto (1+z)^s$ for $s=-1.22^{+0.17}_{-0.16}$ explains cosmic evolution over $z\sim 0$-$16$ for $\sim L^*_{z=3}$ galaxies. One bright ($M_{\rm UV}=-21$ mag) galaxy at $z\sim 12$, GL-z12-1, has an extremely compact profile with $r_{\rm e}=39 \pm 11$ pc that is surely extended over the PSF. Even in the case that the GL-z12-1 SB is fit by AGN$+$galaxy composite profiles, the best-fit galaxy component is again compact, $r_{\rm e}=48^{+38}_{-15}$ pc that is significantly ($>5σ$) smaller than the typical $r_{\rm e}$ value at $z\sim 12$. Comparing with numerical simulations, we find that such a compact galaxy naturally forms at $z\gtrsim 10$, and that frequent mergers at the early epoch produce more extended galaxies following the $r_{\rm e}\propto (1+z)^s$ relation.

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arXiv2023

JWST Census for the Mass-Metallicity Star-Formation Relations at z=4-10 with the Self-Consistent Flux Calibration and the Proper Metallicity Calibrators

We present the evolution of the mass-metallicity (MZ) relations at z=4-10 derived with 135 galaxies identified in the JWST/NIRSpec data taken from the three major public spectroscopy programs of ERO, GLASS, and CEERS. Because there are many discrepancies between flux measurements reported by early ERO studies, we first establish our NIRSpec data reduction procedure for reliable emission-line flux measurements and errors successfully explaining Balmer decrements with no statistical tensions via thorough comparisons of the early ERO studies. Applying the reduction procedure to the 135 galaxies, we obtain emission-line fluxes for physical property measurements. We confirm that 10 out of the 135 galaxies with [OIII]4363-lines have electron temperatures of (1.1-2.3)*10^4K, similar to lower-z star-forming galaxies, that can be explained by heating of young massive stars. We derive metallicities of the 10 galaxies by the direct method and the rest of the galaxies with strong lines by the metallicity calibrations of Nakajima et al. (2022) applicable for these low-mass metal-poor galaxies, anchoring the metallicities with the direct-method measurements. We thus obtain MZ relations and star-formation rate (SFR)-MZ relations over z=4-10. We find that there is a small evolution of the MZ relation from z~2-3 to z=4-10, while interestingly that the SFR-MZ relation shows no evolution up to z~8 but a significant decrease at z>8 beyond the error. This SFR-MZ relation decrease at z>8 may suggest a break of the metallicity equilibrium state via star-formation, inflow, and outflow, while further statistical and local-baseline studies are needed for a conclusion.

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arXiv2023

EMPRESS. XI. SDSS and JWST Search for Local and z~4-5 Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies (EMPGs): Clustering and Chemical Properties of Local EMPGs

We search for local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs), selecting photometric candidates by broadband color excess and machine-learning techniques with the SDSS photometric data. After removing stellar contaminants by shallow spectroscopy with Seimei and Nayuta telescopes, we confirm that three candidates are EMPGs with 0.05--0.1 $Z_\odot$ by deep Magellan/MagE spectroscopy for faint {\sc[Oiii]}$λ$4363 lines. Using a statistical sample consisting of 105 spectroscopically-confirmed EMPGs taken from our study and the literature, we calculate cross-correlation function (CCF) of the EMPGs and all SDSS galaxies to quantify environments of EMPGs. Comparing another CCF of all SDSS galaxies and comparison SDSS galaxies in the same stellar mass range ($10^{7.0}-10^{8.4} M_\odot$), we find no significant ($>1σ$) difference between these two CCFs. We also compare mass-metallicity relations (MZRs) of the EMPGs and those of galaxies at $z\sim$ 0--4 with a steady chemical evolution model and find that the EMPG MZR is comparable with the model prediction on average. These clustering and chemical properties of EMPGs are explained by a scenario of stochastic metal-poor gas accretion on metal-rich galaxies showing metal-poor star formation. Extending the broadband color-excess technique to a high-$z$ EMPG search, we select 17 candidates of $z\sim$ 4--5 EMPGs with the deep ($\simeq30$ mag) near-infrared JWST/NIRCam images obtained by ERO and ERS programs. We find galaxy candidates with negligible {\sc[Oiii]}$λλ$4959,5007 emission weaker than the local EMPGs and known high-$z$ galaxies, suggesting that some of these candidates may fall in 0--0.01 $Z_\odot$, which potentially break the lowest metallicity limit known to date.

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arXiv2023

EMPRESS. IX. Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies are Very Gas-Rich Dispersion-Dominated Systems: Will JWST Witness Gaseous Turbulent High-z Primordial Galaxies?

We present kinematics of 6 local extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) with low metallicities ($0.016-0.098\ Z_{\odot}$) and low stellar masses ($10^{4.7}-10^{7.6} M_{\odot}$). Taking deep medium-high resolution ($R\sim7500$) integral-field spectra with 8.2-m Subaru, we resolve the small inner velocity gradients and dispersions of the EMPGs with H$α$ emission. Carefully masking out sub-structures originated by inflow and/or outflow, we fit 3-dimensional disk models to the observed H$α$ flux, velocity, and velocity-dispersion maps. All the EMPGs show rotational velocities ($v_{\rm rot}$) of 5--23 km s$^{-1}$ smaller than the velocity dispersions ($σ_{0}$) of 17--31 km s$^{-1}$, indicating dispersion-dominated ($v_{\rm rot}/σ_{0}=0.29-0.80<1$) systems affected by inflow and/or outflow. Except for two EMPGs with large uncertainties, we find that the EMPGs have very large gas-mass fractions of $f_{\rm gas}\simeq 0.9-1.0$. Comparing our results with other H$α$ kinematics studies, we find that $v_{\rm rot}/σ_{0}$ decreases and $f_{\rm gas}$ increases with decreasing metallicity, decreasing stellar mass, and increasing specific star-formation rate. We also find that simulated high-$z$ ($z\sim 7$) forming galaxies have gas fractions and dynamics similar to the observed EMPGs. Our EMPG observations and the simulations suggest that primordial galaxies are gas-rich dispersion-dominated systems, which would be identified by the forthcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations at $z\sim 7$.

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arXiv2023

Stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) Probed with Supernova Rates and Neutrino Background: Cosmic Average IMF Slope is $\simeq 2-3$ Similar to the Salpeter IMF

The stellar initial mass function (IMF) is expressed by $ϕ(m) \propto m^{-α}$ with the slope $α$, and known as the poorly-constrained but very important function in studies of star and galaxy formation. There are no sensible observational constraints on the IMF slopes beyond Milky Way and nearby galaxies. Here we combine two sets of observational results, 1) cosmic densities of core-collapse supernova explosion (CCSNe) rates and 2) cosmic far ultraviolet radiation (and infrared re-radiation) densities, which are sensitive to massive ($\simeq 8-50 \,{\rm M}_\odot$) and moderately massive ($\simeq 2.5-7 \,{\rm M}_\odot$) stars, respectively, and constrain the IMF slope at $m>1\,{\rm M}_\odot$ with a freedom of redshift evolution. Although no redshift evolution is identified beyond the uncertainties, we find that the cosmic average IMF slope at $z=0$ is $α=1.8-3.2$ at the 95 % confidence level that is comparable with the Salpeter IMF, $α=2.35$, which marks the first constraint on the cosmic average IMF. We show a forecast for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope supernova survey that will provide significantly strong constraints on the IMF slope with $δα\simeq 0.5$ over $z=0-2$. Moreover, as for an independent IMF probe instead of 1), we suggest to use diffuse supernovae neutrino background (DSNB), relic neutrinos from CCSNe. We expect that the Hyper-Kamiokande neutrino observations over 20 years will improve the constraints on the IMF slope and the redshift evolution significantly better than those obtained today, if the systematic uncertainties of DSNB production physics are reduced in the future numerical simulations.

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arXiv2023

A solar metallicity galaxy at $z >$ 7? Possible detection of the [N II] 122 $μ$m and [O III] 52 $μ$m lines

We present the first detection of the [N II] 122 $μ$m and [O III] 52 $μ$m lines for a reionisation-epoch galaxy. Based on these lines and previous [C II] 158 $μ$m and [O III] 88 $μ$m measurements, using two different radiative transfer models of the interstellar medium, we estimate an upper limit on electron density of $\lesssim$ 500 cm$^{-3}$ and a gas-phase metallicity $Z/Z_\odot \sim 1.1 \pm 0.2$ for A1689-zD1, a gravitationally-lensed, dusty galaxy at $z$ = 7.133. Other measurements or indicators of metallicity so far in galaxy interstellar media at $z \gtrsim$ 6 are typically an order of magnitude lower than this. The unusually high metallicity makes A1689-zD1 inconsistent with the fundamental metallicity relation, although there is likely significant dust obscuration of the stellar mass, which may partly resolve the inconsistency. Given a solar metallicity, the dust-to-metals ratio is a factor of several lower than expected, hinting that galaxies beyond $z \sim$ 7 may have lower dust formation efficiency. Finally, the inferred nitrogen enrichment compared to oxygen, on which the metallicity measurement depends, indicates that star-formation in the system is older than about 250 Myr, pushing the beginnings of this galaxy to $z >$ 10.

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