arXiv subjects

Yunkun Xie

Publications and source records attributed to Yunkun Xie.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2023

Reduced sensitivity to process, voltage and temperature variations in activated perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions based stochastic devices

True random number generators (TRNGs) are fundamental building blocks for many applications, such as cryptography, Monte Carlo simulations, neuromorphic computing, and probabilistic computing. While perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJs) based on low-barrier magnets (LBMs) are natural sources of TRNGs, they tend to suffer from device-to-device variability, low speed, and temperature sensitivity. Instead, medium-barrier magnets (MBMs) operated with nanosecond pulses - denoted, stochastic magnetic actuated random transducer (SMART) devices - are potentially superior candidates for such applications. We present a systematic analysis of spin-torque-driven switching of MBM-based pMTJs (Eb ~ 20 - 40 kBT) as a function of pulse duration (1 ps to 1 ms), by numerically solving their macrospin dynamics using a 1-D Fokker-Planck equation. We investigate the impact of voltage, temperature, and process variations (MTJ dimensions and material parameters) on the switching probability of the device. Our findings indicate SMART devices activated by short-duration pulses (< 1 ns) are much less sensitive to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations while consuming lower energy (~ fJ) than the same devices operated with longer pulses. Our results show a path toward building fast, energy-efficient, and robust TRNG hardware units for solving optimization problems.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2021

Anatomy of nanomagnetic switching at a 3D Topological Insulator PN junction

A P-N junction engineered within a Dirac cone system acts as a gate tunable angular filter based on Klein tunneling. For a 3D topological insulator with substantial bandgap, such a filter can produce a charge-to-spin conversion due to the dual effects of spin-momentum locking and momentum filtering. We analyze how spins filtered at an in-plane topological insulator PN junction (TIPNJ) interact with a nanomagnet, and argue that the intrinsic charge-to-spin conversion does not translate to an external gain if the nanomagnet also acts as the source contact. Regardless of the nanomagnet's position, the spin torque generated on the TIPNJ is limited by the surface current density, which in turn is limited by bulk band gap. {Using quantum kinetic models, we calculate the spatially varying spin potential and quantify the localization of the current vs applied bias}. Additionally, with the magnetodynamic simulation of a soft nanomagnet, we show that the PN junction can offer a critical gate tunability in the switching probability of the nanomagnet, with potential applications in probabilistic neuromorphic computing.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2021

Self focusing Hybrid Skyrmions in spatially varying canted ferromagnetic systems

Magnetic skyrmions are quasiparticle configurations in a magnetic film that can act as information carrying bits for ultrasmall, all-electronic nonvolatile memory. The skyrmions can be nucleated and driven by spin-orbit torque from a current driven in a heavy metal underlayer. Along its gyrotropic path, a Magnus force can cause a skyrmion to be annihilated at the boundaries. By combining interfacial and bulk Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions (DMIs), for instance by using a B20 material on top of a heavy metal layer with high spin-orbit coupling, it is possible to engineer a hybrid skyrmion that will travel parallel to the racetrack with zero Magnus force. We show that by using a spatially varying interfacial DMI, a hybrid skyrmion will automatically self-focus onto such a track as its domain angle evolves along the path. Furthermore, using a gate driven voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy, we can control the trajectory of the hybrid skyrmion and its eventual convergence path and lane selection in a racetrack geometry.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2019

Robust Formation of Ultrasmall Room-Temperature Neél Skyrmions in Amorphous Ferrimagnets from Atomistic Simulations

Neél skyrmions originate from interfacial Dzyaloshinskii Moriya interaction (DMI). Recent studies have explored using thin-film ferromagnets and ferrimagnets to host Neél skyrmions for spintronic applications. However, it is unclear if ultrasmall (10 nm or less) skyrmions can ever be stabilized at room temperature for practical use in high density parallel racetrack memories. While thicker films can improve stability, DMI decays rapidly away from the interface. As such, spins far away from the interface would experience near-zero DMI, raising question on whether or not unrealistically large DMI is needed to stabilize skyrmions, and whether skyrmions will also collapse away from the interface. To address these questions, we have employed atomistic stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert simulations to investigate skyrmions in amorphous ferrimagnetic GdCo. It is revealed that a significant reduction in DMI below that of Pt is sufficient to stabilize ultrasmall skyrmions even in films as thick as 15 nm. Moreover, skyrmions are found to retain a uniform columnar shape across the film thickness despite the decaying DMI. Our results show that increasing thickness and reducing DMI in GdCo can further reduce the size of skyrmions at room temperature, which is crucial to improve the density and energy efficiency in skyrmion based devices.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2019

Computational search for ultrasmall and fast skyrmions in the Inverse Heusler family

Skyrmions are magnetic excitations that are potentially ultrasmall and topologically protected, making them interesting for high-density all-electronic ultrafast storage applications. While recent experiments have confirmed the existence of various types of skyrmions, their typical sizes are much larger than traditional domain walls, except at very low temperature. In this work, we explore the optimal material parameters for hosting ultra-small, fast, and room temperature stable skyrmions. As concrete examples, we explore potential candidates from the inverse Heusler family. Using first-principles calculations of structural and magnetic properties, we identify several promising ferrimagnetic inverse Heusler half-metal/near half-metals and analyze their phase space for size and metastability.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2018

Reservoir Computing based Neural Image Filters

Clean images are an important requirement for machine vision systems to recognize visual features correctly. However, the environment, optics, electronics of the physical imaging systems can introduce extreme distortions and noise in the acquired images. In this work, we explore the use of reservoir computing, a dynamical neural network model inspired from biological systems, in creating dynamic image filtering systems that extracts signal from noise using inverse modeling. We discuss the possibility of implementing these networks in hardware close to the sensors.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2018

Skyrmion Formation Induced by Antiferromagnetic-enhanced Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii Moriya Interaction

Neél skyrmions originate from interfacial Dzyaloshinskii Moriya interaction (DMI). Recent studies have explored using ferromagnet to host Neél skyrmions for device applications. However, challenges remain to reduce the size of skyrmion to near 10 nm. Amorphous rare-earth-transitional-metal ferrimagnets are attractive alternative materials to obtain ultrasmall skyrmions at room temperature. Their intrinsic perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and tunable magnetization provides a favorable environment for skyrmion stability. In this work, we employ atomistic stochastic Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert (LLG) algorithm to investigate skyrmions in GdFe within the interfacial DMI model. Despite the rapid decay of DMI away from the interface, small skyrmions of near 10 nm are found in thick ~ 5 nm amorphous GdFe film at 300K. We have also considered three scenarios for the sign of DMI between Gd-Fe pair. It is revealed that antiferromagnetic coupling in the ferrimagnet plays an important role in enhancing the effect of interfacial DMI and to stabilize skyrmion. These results show that ferrimagnets and antiferromagnets with intrinsic antiferromagnetic couplings are appealing materials to host small skyrmions at room temperature, which is crucial to improve density and energy efficiency in skyrmion based devices.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2018

From materials to systems: a multiscale analysis of nanomagnetic switching

With the increasing demand for low-power electronics, nanomagnetic devices have emerged as strong potential candidates to complement present day transistor technology. A variety of novel switching effects such as spin torque and giant spin Hall offer scalable ways to manipulate nano-sized magnets. However, the low intrinsic energy cost of switching spins is often compromised by the energy consumed in the overhead circuitry in creating the necessary switching fields. Scaling brings in added concerns such as the ability to distinguish states (readability) and to write information without spontaneous backflips (reliability). A viable device must ultimately navigate a complex multi-dimensional material and design space defined by volume, energy budget, speed and a target read-write-retention error. In this paper, we review the major challenges facing nanomagnetic devices and present a multi-scale computational framework to explore possible innovations at different levels (material, device, or circuit), along with a holistic understanding of their overall energy-delay-reliability tradeoff.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2017

Spintronic signatures of Klein tunneling in topological insulators

Klein tunneling, the perfect transmission of normally incident Dirac electrons across a potential barrier, has been widely studied in graphene and explored to design switches, albeit indirectly. We show that Klein tunneling maybe easier to detect for spin-momentum locked electrons crossing a PN junction along a three-dimensional topological insulator surface. In these topological insulator PN junctions (TIPNJs), the spin texture and momentum distribution of transmitted electrons can be measured electrically using a ferromagnetic probe for varying gate voltages and angles of current injection. Based on transport models across a TIPNJ, we show that the asymmetry in the potentiometric signal between PP and PN junctions and its overall angular dependence serve as a direct signature of Klein tunneling.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2016

Computational Investigation of Half-Heusler Compounds for Spintronics Applications

We present first-principles density functional calculations of the electronic structure, magnetism, and structural stability of 378 $\textit{XYZ}$ half-Heusler compounds (with $X=$ Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, $Y=$ Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, $Z=$ Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, P, As, Sb). We find that a "Slater-Pauling density of states" with a gap or pseudogap at three states per atom below the gap in at least one spin channel is a common feature in half-Heusler compounds. We find that the presence of such a gap at the Fermi energy in one or both spin channels contributes greatly to the stability of a half-Heusler compound. We calculate the formation energy of each compound and systematically investigate its stability against all other phases in the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD). We represent the thermodynamic phase stability of each compound as its distance from the convex hull of stable phases in the respective chemical space and show that the hull distance of a compound is a good measure of the likelihood of its experimental synthesis. We identify 26 18-electron semiconductors, 45 half-metals, and 34 near half-metals with negative formation energy, that follow the Slater-Pauling rule of three electrons per atom. Our calculations predict new thermodynamically stable semiconducting phases NiScAs, RhTiP, and RuVAs, which merit further experimental exploration. Further, two interesting zero-moment half-metals, CrMnAs and MnCrAs, are calculated to have negative formation energy. In addition, our calculations predict a number of new, hitherto unreported, semiconducting (e.g., CoVGe, FeVAs), half-metallic (e.g., RhVSb), near half-metallic (e.g., CoFeSb, CoVP) half-Heusler compounds to lie close to the respective convex hull of stable phases, and thus may be experimentally realized under suitable synthesis conditions, resulting in potential candidates for various spintronics applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2016

Numerical Fokker-Planck study of stochastic write error slope in spin torque switching

This paper analyzes write errors in spin torque switching due to thermal fluctuations in a system with Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy (PMA). Prior analytical and numerical methods are summarized, a physics based Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE) chosen for its computational efficiency and broad applicability to all switching regimes. The relation between write error slope and material parameters is discussed in detail to enable better device engineering and optimization. Finally a 2D FPE tool is demonstrated that extends the applicability of FPE to write error in non PMA systems with built-in asymmetry.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2014

Reducing error rates in straintronic multiferroic dipole-coupled nanomagnetic logic by pulse shaping

Dipole-coupled nanomagnetic logic (NML), where nanomagnets with bistable magnetization states act as binary switches and information is transferred between them via dipole coupling and Bennett clocking, is a potential replacement for conventional transistor logic since magnets dissipate less energy than transistors when they switch in response to the clock. However, dipole-coupled NML is much more error-prone than transistor logic because thermal noise can easily disrupt magnetization dynamics. Here, we study a particularly energy-efficient version of dipole-coupled NML known as straintronic multiferroic logic (SML) where magnets are clocked/switched with electrically generated mechanical strain. By appropriately shaping the voltage pulse that generates strain, the error rate in SML can be reduced to tolerable limits. In this paper, we describe the error probabilities associated with various stress pulse shapes and discuss the trade-off between error rate and switching speed in SML.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗