Vortex promoters in MHD duct flow
We use 3D direct numerical simulations to study the effects of vortex promoters in liquid metal duct flow to sustain Q2D states which are formed in the presence of strong magnetic fields, such as those present in cooling blankets of fusion reactors. Both for electrically insulating and conducting walls. In case of insulating walls, disturbances are found to be sustained. For conducting walls, the disturbances may be extinguished immediately and replaced by a Walker- or Hunt-type flow with its own jet-detachment instability. Furthermore, we add heat transfer by imposing constant heat flux at the Shercliff walls. We classify and compare possible configurations with respect to their turbulent transport properties. For conducting ducts, no additional effect is observed. For insulating ducts in horizontal position, we observe a small effect. For vertical ducts, the buoyancy forces have a significant impact due to buoyancy-driven instabilities, which produce intermittent fluctuations. The analysis of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and the Nusselt number show that flows with the largest TKE may not have the best heat transfer performance. This is caused by side jets removing heat faster than mixing the bulk flow. The buoyancy force and wall conductance ratio are found to play a key role in determining the flow structure. Part of our work is a parametric study at fixed Reynolds, Hartmann and Prandtl numbers, which allows us eventually to compose a phase diagram showcasing the different flow regimes.