arXiv subjects

Z. A. Khan

Publications and source records attributed to Z. A. Khan.

70 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2012

Routing Load of Route Calculation and Route Maintenance in Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols

This paper presents mathematical framework and study of proactive routing Protocols. The performance analysis of three major proactive routing protocols: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), Fish-eye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) are under consideration in this work. Taking these routing protocols into account, we enhance existing framework. In the next step we further discuss and produce analytical framework by considering variations in different network and protocol parameters. Finally, experiments are performed regarding above mentioned routing protocols followed with detailed comparison and analysis of different environments.

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arXiv2012

HSEP: Heterogeneity-aware Hierarchical Stable Election Protocol for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are increasing to handle complex situations and functions. In these networks some of the nodes become Cluster Heads (CHs) which are responsible to aggregate data of from cluster members and transmit it to Base Stations (BS). Those clustering techniques which are designed for homogenous network are not enough efficient for consuming energy. Stable Election Protocol (SEP) introduces heterogeneity in WSNs, consisting of two type of nodes. SEP is based on weighted election probabilities of each node to become CH according to remaining energy of nodes. We propose Heterogeneity-aware Hierarchal Stable Election Protocol (HSEP) having two level of energies. Simulation results show that HSEP prolongs stability period and network lifetime, as compared to conventional routing protocols and having higher average throughput than selected clustering protocols in WSNs.

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arXiv2012

Analytical Survey of Wearable Sensors

Wearable sensors inWireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) provide health and physical activity monitoring. Modern communication systems have extended this monitoring remotely. In this survey, various types of wearable sensors discussed, their medical applications like ECG, EEG, blood pressure, detection of blood glucose level, pulse rate, respiration rate and non medical applications like daily exercise monitoring and motion detection of different body parts. Different types of noise removing filters also discussed at the end that are helpful in to remove noise from ECG signals. Main purpose of this survey is to provide a platform for researchers in wearable sensors for WBANs.

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arXiv2012

A Comprehensive Survey of MAC Protocols for Wireless Body Area Networks

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols developed for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). In WBANs, small batteryoperated on-body or implanted biomedical sensor nodes are used to monitor physiological signs such as temperature, blood pressure, ElectroCardioGram (ECG), ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG) etc. We discuss design requirements for WBANs with major sources of energy dissipation. Then, we further investigate the existing designed protocols for WBANs with focus on their strengths and weaknesses. Paper ends up with concluding remarks and open research issues for future work.

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arXiv2012

CEEC: Centralized Energy Efficient Clustering A New Routing Protocol for WSNs

Energy efficient routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the most challenging task for researcher. Hierarchical routing protocols have been proved more energy efficient routing protocols, as compare to flat and location based routing protocols. Heterogeneity of nodes with respect to their energy level, has also added extra lifespan for sensor network. In this paper, we propose a Centralized Energy Efficient Clustering (CEEC) routing protocol. We design the CEEC for three level heterogeneous network. CEEC can also be implemented in multi-level heterogeneity of networks. For initial practical, we design and analyze CEEC for three level advance heterogeneous network. In CEEC, whole network area is divided into three equal regions, in which nodes with same energy are spread in same region.

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arXiv2012

Adaptive-Reliable Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks

Extensive energy is consumed by Transceiver communication operation [1]. Existing research on MAC layer focuses to maximize battery-powered sensor node's life. Bottleneck of MAC layer protocol design for WBAN is to achieve high reliability and energy minimization. Majority of MAC protocols designed for WBANs are based upon TDMA approach. However, a new protocol needs to be defined to achieve high energy efficiency, fairness and avoid extra energy consumption due to synchronization.

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arXiv2012

Energy Efficient MAC Protocols

This paper presents a survey of energy efficiency of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks (WBASNs). We highlight the features of MAC protocols along with their advantages and limitations in context of WBASNs. Comparison of Low Power Listening (LPL), Scheduled Contention and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is also elaborated. MAC protocols with respect to different approaches and techniques which are used for energy minimization, traffic control mechanisms for collision avoidance are discussed.We also present a survey of path loss models for In-body, On-body and Off-body communications in WBASNs and analytically discuss that path loss is maximum in In-body communication because of low energy levels to take care of tissues and organs located inside the body. Survey of Power model for WBANs of CSMA/CA and beacon mode is also presented.

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arXiv2012

Noise Filtering, Channel Modeling and Energy Utilization in Wireless Body Area Networks

Constant monitoring of patients without disturbing their daily activities can be achieved through mobile networks. Sensor nodes distributed in a home environment to provide home assistance gives concept of Wireless Wearable Body Area Networks. Gathering useful information and its transmission to the required destination may face several problems. In this paper we figure out different issues and discuss their possible solutions in order to obtain an optimized infrastructure for the care of elderly people. Different channel models along with their characteristics, noise filtering in different equalization techniques, energy consumption and effect of different impairments have been discussed in our paper. The novelty of this work is that we highlighted multiple issues along with their possible solutions that a BAN infrastructure is still facing.

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arXiv2012

Survey of Extended LEACH-Based Clustering Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

An energy efficient routing protocol is the major concern in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this survey paper, we present energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols, developed from conventional LEACH routing protocol. Main focus of our study is how these extended protocols work in order to increase the life time and how quality routing protocol are improved for WSNs. Furthermore, this paper also highlights some of the issues faced by LEACH and also explains how these issues are tackled by extended versions of LEACH. We compare the features and performance issues of the selected hierarchal routing protocols.

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arXiv2012

Ubiquitous HealthCare in Wireless Body Area Networks

Recent advances in wireless communications, system on chip and low power sensor nodes allow realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs).WBANs comprise of tiny sensors, which collect information of a patient's vital signs and provide a real time feedback. In addition,WBANs also support many applications including ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, gaming, military, etc. Ubiquitous healthcare is required by elderly people to facilitate them with instant monitoring anywhere they move around. In this paper, we provide a survey on different architectures used in WBANs for ubiquitous healthcare monitoring. Different standards and devices used in these architectures are also discussed in this paper. Finally, path loss in WBANs and its impact on communication is presented with the help of simulations performed for different models of In-Body communication and different factors (such as, attenuation, frequency, distance etc) influencing path loss in On-Body communications.

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arXiv2012

DSDV, DYMO, OLSR: Link Duration and Path Stability

In this paper, we evaluate and compare the impact of link duration and path stability of routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance vector (DSDV), Dynamic MANET On- Demand (DYMO) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) at different number of connections and node density. In order to improve the efficiency of selected protocols; we enhance DYMO and OLSR. Simulation and comparison of both default and enhanced routing protocols is carried out under the performance parameters; Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to End Delay (AE2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO). From the results, we observe that DYMO performs better than DSDV, MOD-OLSR and OLSR in terms of PDR, AE2ED, link duration and path stability at the cost of high value of NRO.

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arXiv2012

Analysis and Modeling Experiment Performance Parameters of Routing Protocols in MANETs and VANETs

In this paper, a framework for experimental parameters in which Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), effect of link duration over End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized Routing Overhead (NRO) in terms of control packets is analyzed and modeled for Mobile Ad-Hoc NETworks (MANETs) and Vehicular Ad-Hoc NETworks (VANETs) with the assumption that nodes (vehicles) are sparsely moving in two different road. Moreover, this paper contributes the performance comparison of one Proactive Routing Protocol; Destination Sequenced Distance vector (DSDV) and two reactive protocols; DYnamic Source Routing (DSR) and DYnamic MANET On-Demand (DYMO). A novel contribution of this work is enhancements in default versions of selected routing protocols. Three performance parameters; PDR, E2ED and NRO with varying scalabilities are measured to analyze the performance of selected routing protocols with their original and enhanced versions. From extensive simulations, it is observed that DSR outperforms among all three protocols at the cost of delay. NS-2 simulator is used for simulation with TwoRayGround propagation model to evaluate analytical results.

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arXiv2012

Performance Evaluation of Widely used Portknoking Algorithms

Port knocking is a technique by which only a single packet or special sequence will permit the firewall to open a port on a machine where all ports are blocked by default. It is a passive authorization technique which offers firewall-level authentication to ensure authorized access to potentially vulnerable network services. In this paper, we present performance evaluation and analytical comparison of three widely used port knocking (PK) algorithms, Aldaba, FWKNOP and SIG-2. Comparative analysis is based upon ten selected parameters; Platforms (Supported OS), Implementation (PK, SPA or both), Protocols (UDP, TCP, ICMP), Out of Order packet delivery, NAT (Network Address Translation), Encryption Algorithms, Root privileges (For installation and operation), Weak Passwords, Replay Attacks and IPv6 compatibility. Based upon these parameters, relative performance score has been given to each algorithm. Finally, we deduce that FWKNOP due to compatibility with windows client is the most efficient among chosen PK implementations.

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arXiv2012

Modeling and Evaluating Enhancements in Expanding Ring Search Algorithm for Wireless Reactive Protocols

In case of high dynamic topology, reactive routing protocols provide quick convergence by faster route discoveries and route maintenance. Frequent roadcasts reduce routing efficiency in terms of broadcast cost; Bk, and expected time cost; E[t]. These costs are optimized using different mechanisms. So, we select three reactive routing protocols; Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), and DYnamic Manet On-demad (DYMO). We model expanding Ring Search (ERS); an optimization mechanism in the selected protocols to reduce Bk and E[t]. A novel contribution of this work is enhancement of default ERS in the protocols to optimize Bk and E[t]. Using NS-2, we evaluate and compare default-ERS used by these protocols; AODV-ERS1, DSR-ERS1 and DYMO-ERS1 with enhanced-ERS; AODVERS2, DSR-ERS2 and DYMO-ERS2. From modeling and analytical comparison, we deduce that by adjusting Time-To-Live (T TL) value of a network, efficient optimizations of Bk and E[t] can be achieved.

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arXiv2012

On using Multiple Quality Link Metrics with Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Protocol for Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

In this paper, we compare and analyze performance of five quality link metrics forWireless Multi-hop Networks (WMhNs). The metrics are based on loss probability measurements; ETX, ETT, InvETX, ML and MD, in a distance vector routing protocol; DSDV. Among these selected metrics, we have implemented ML, MD, InvETX and ETT in DSDV which are previously implemented with different protocols; ML, MD, InvETX are implemented with OLSR, while ETT is implemented in MR-LQSR. For our comparison, we have selected Throughput, Normalized Routing Load (NRL) and End-to-End Delay (E2ED) as performance parameters. Finally, we deduce that InvETX due to low computational burden and link asymmetry measurement outperforms among all metrics.

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arXiv2012

Evaluating Wireless Proactive Routing Protocols under Scalability and Traffic Constraints

In this paper, we evaluate and analyze the impact of different network loads and varying no. of nodes on distance vector and link state routing algorithms. We select three well known proactive protocols; Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) operates on distance vector routing, while Fisheye State Routing (FSR) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols are based on link state routing. Further, we evaluate and compare the effects on the performance of protocols by changing the routing strategies of routing algorithms. We also enhance selected protocols to achieve high performance. We take throughput, End-to-End Delay (E2ED) and Normalized Routing Load (NRL) as performance metrics for evaluation and comparison of chosen protocols both with default and enhanced versions. Based upon extensive simulations in NS-2, we compare and discuss performance trade-offs of the protocols, i.e., how a protocol achieves high packet delivery by paying some cost in the form of increased E2ED and/or routing overhead. FSR due to scope routing technique performs well in high data rates, while, OLSR is more scalable in denser networks due to limited retransmissions through Multi-Point Relays (MPRs).

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