arXiv subjects

Zdravko Kutnjak

Publications and source records attributed to Zdravko Kutnjak.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Improvement of piezocatalytic performance of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 perovskite using K doping for efficient Rhodamine B degradation

Piezocatalysis, based on the piezoelectric properties of catalysts, breaks down the barrier between mechanical energy and chemical energy. It describes the use of charges induced by piezoelectricity to assist typical chemical processes while harvesting various forms of mechanical green energy. The performance of piezocatalysis is predominantly governed by the piezoelectric properties of materials. The main aim of this work is to evaluate and analyze the potential of potassium doped sodium bismuth titanate Na0.5-xKxBi0.5TiO3 abbreviated as NKxBT (0, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25), as a piezocatalyst in the degradation of the organic dye Rhodamine B RhB under ultrasonic vibration. The synthesis of NKxBT nanopowders was conducted using the sol-gel autocombustion method. Coupled structural analysis reveals the presence of an intermediate Morphotropic Phase Boundary (MPB, where two phases coexist) in the optimal NK15BT composition. The piezocatalytic degradation results showed a total piezo-degradation in only 90 min and a rate constant 8 times higher than the undoped NK0BT. The enhanced piezocatalytic activity results from a synergistic effect of MPB presence, reduced particle size, optimal bandgap and high lattice strain. The NK15BT sample also demonstrated good reusability and good mineralization.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Multiferroic Properties of Electrospun CFO-BCTSn Nanocomposites for Magnetoelectric and Magnetic Field Sensing Applications

Multiferroic CFO-BCTSn composite nanofibers were synthesized using a sol-gel electrospinning method. Electron microscopy revealed well-defined fibers with diameters of 120-150 nm. Structural analyses using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the coexistence of the spinel CFO phase and the perovskite BCTSn phase without detectable secondary phases. Magnetic hysteresis measurements demonstrated the magnetic behavior of the nanofibers, while piezoresponse force microscopy confirmed their piezoelectric properties. Magnetoelectric coupling was evidenced by differences between the magnetic hysteresis loops of electrically poled and unpoled samples. These lead-free composite nanofibers show potential for nanoscale magnetoelectric devices and magnetic field sensing applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Role of Bi3+ ion substitution on the piezocatalytic degradation performance of lead-free BaTi0.89Sn0.11O3 at low vibrational energy

Harnessing low ultrasonic vibration energy to drive piezocatalytic reactions has attracted increasing attention in response to current environmental and energy challenges. In this study, we investigate the effect of heterovalent bismuth doping on the piezocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under low-power ultrasonic excitation. Bismuth ions (Bi$^{3+}$) were substituted into the lead-free ferroelectric BaTi${0.89}$Sn${0.11}$O$_3$, yielding BTSn11-xBi with x = 0, 0.02, and 0.04. The powders were synthesized by the sol-gel method as submicron cubes. The structural, morphological, optical, and piezocatalytic properties were strongly influenced by the Bi content. Compared with pristine BTSn11 and BTSn11-0.04Bi, the BTSn11-0.02Bi sample exhibited the lowest band gap (3.22 eV), the smallest particle size (283 nm), the highest piezoelectric current (approximately 8 microA cm$^{-2}$), and the lowest coercive field required to obtain piezoresponse force microscopy hysteresis loops. As a result, BTSn11-0.02Bi showed the highest RhB degradation efficiency and the largest apparent kinetic rate constant, confirming its superior piezocatalytic performance. Total organic carbon measurements revealed significant mineralization of RhB. In addition, BTSn11-0.02Bi demonstrated good reusability and stability, maintaining high degradation efficiency over three consecutive cycles. These results highlight the potential of Bi-doped BTSn11 ferroelectric materials, particularly BTSn11-0.02Bi, as efficient piezocatalysts for environmental remediation.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Ferroelectric KNbO3 nanoplatelets for thermally driven pyrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and dye degradation

Day- and night-induced thermal cycling offers a promising route for harvesting ambient thermal energy to drive sustainable hydrogen production and pollutant degradation. Pyroelectric materials enable this process by converting temperature fluctuations into surface charges capable of promoting catalytic water splitting and advanced oxidation reactions. In this work, we demonstrate efficient pyrocatalytic hydrogen evolution and Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation using orthorhombic ferroelectric Potassium niobate (KNbO$_3$) nanoplatelets (KN-np). Under thermal cycling between 20 and 50 $^\circ$C, KN-np achieved a hydrogen yield of 680 $μ$mol g$^{-1}$ after 30 thermal cycles, corresponding to an average hydrogen production rate of 22.67 $μ$mol g$^{-1}$ per cycle. In addition, KN-np exhibited excellent pyrocatalytic activity toward RhB degradation, reaching 84% removal after only 16 thermal cycles with an apparent kinetic rate constant of 0.11 cycle$^{-1}$. The remarkable catalytic performance is attributed to the strong spontaneous polarization and excellent pyroelectric properties of the KNbO$_3$ nanoplatelets, which promote efficient charge generation and interfacial redox reactions. These findings highlight the potential of KNbO$_3$ nanostructures as efficient pyrocatalysts for clean hydrogen production and environmental remediation.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Enhancement in Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of CoFe2O4 Nanofibers at Lower Temperatures

This research paper investigates new and first insights into the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of one-dimensional (1D) cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanofibers elaborated by sol gel based electrospinning technique, particularly focusing on their behavior at low temperatures for specific applications. The calcined CFO nanofibers microstructural, structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties were explored. The nanofibers (NFs) microstructure, with an average diameter of 210 nm, was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM, TEM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the CFO nanofibers showed a pure cubic close-packed (c.c.p) spinel crystalline structure with the F d 3 -m space group. The Raman spectroscopic studies further confirm the cubic inverse spinel phase. The Magnetic properties were explored as a function of temperature, ranging from 10 to 300 K, a ferromagnetic behaviour was observed with the highest saturation magnetization of 75.87 emu g(-1) and a coercivity of 723 Oe at room temperature. The variation of the magnetic entropy was measured indirectly using the Maxwell approach with an increasing magnetic field. A maximum of Delta(S)=1.71 J K-1 was reached around 32 K. At 180 K, the associated adiabatic temperature change, Delta (Tmax), was 0.93 K, with a large RCP value of 7.58 J kg-1 was measured, which is reasonably high for the corresponding nanoparticles (NPs). This work may suggest that 1D CFO nanofibers offer a promising route for the production of nanostructured magnetic materials, potentially impacting various electronic and electromagnetic device applications at low temperatures.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2026

Rapid and Highly Efficient Synergistic Sonophotocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange with CuDoped LaFeO3 Perovskite Nanoparticles

The integration of sonocatalysis with photocatalysis offers a powerful strategy for advanced wastewater treatment by overcoming rapid charge carrier recombination in conventional photocatalytic systems. Although these processes are often treated separately due to their distinct mechanisms, their combination creates a highly efficient synergistic system. In this study, we investigate the sonophotocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) using Cu-doped LaFeO3 perovskite nanoparticles. The Cu doped catalyst demonstrated excellent performance, achieving a degradation rate of 0.0455 min-1 and complete removal of MO within 120 minutes under combined ultrasonic and light irradiation. A strong synergistic effect was observed, with a synergy index of approximately 10, highlighting the enhanced interaction between sonocatalysis and photocatalysis. The catalyst also exhibited good stability and reusability, maintaining high efficiency over four consecutive cycles. Mechanistic studies using scavenger experiments revealed that hydroxyl radicals and photogenerated holes are the main reactive species responsible for degradation. A plausible reaction pathway is proposed based on these findings. Overall, Cu doped LaFeO3 shows superior sonophotocatalytic activity compared to the undoped material, demonstrating the potential of synergistic sonophotocatalytic processes for efficient pollutant removal.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

Domain Morphology, Electrocaloric Response, and Negative Capacitance States of Ferroelectric Nanowires Array

We analyzed the domain morphology, electrocaloric response, and negative capacitance states in a one-dimensional array of uniformly oriented, radial symmetric ferroelectric nanowires, whose spontaneous polarization is normal to their symmetry axis. The wires are densely packed between flat electrodes. Using finite element modeling based on the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire approach, electrostatics, and elasticity theory, we calculated the distributions of spontaneous polarization, domain structures, electric potential, electric field, dielectric permittivity, and electrocaloric response in the nanowires. Due to size and depolarization effects, the paraelectric and ferroelectric (poly-domain or single-domain) states of the wires can be stable, depending on their radius and the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. It is demonstrated that dipole-dipole interaction between the nanowires determines the stability of the polar (or anti-polar) state in the array when the wire radius is significantly smaller than the critical size of the paraelectric transition in an isolated wire. We reveal that a large region of a mixed state, characterized by poly-domain ferroelectric states with nonzero average polarization inside each wire and zero average polarization of the whole array, can be stable. By selecting the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium and the nanowire radius, one can maximize the negative capacitance effect in the capacitor with densely packed wires. It is also possible to achieve maximal enhancement of the electrocaloric response due to size effects in the wires. The underlying physics of the predicted enhancement is the combined action of size effects and the long-range electrostatic interactions between the ferroelectric dipoles in the nanowires and the image charges in the electrodes

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

Strain-Gradient and Curvature-Induced Changes in Domain Morphology of BaTiO3 Nanorods: Experimental and Theoretical Studies

We investigate the impact of OH- ions incorporation on the lattice strain and spontaneous polarization of BaTiO3 nanorods synthesized under different conditions. It was confirmed that the lattice strain depends directly on Ba supersaturation, with higher supersaturation leading to an increase in the lattice strain. However, it was shown that crystal growth and observed lattice distortion are not primarily influenced by external strain; rather, OH- ions incorporation plays a key role in generating internal chemical strains and driving these processes. By using the less reactive TiO2 precursor instead of TiOCl2 and controlling Ba supersaturation, the slower nucleation rate enables more effective regulation of OH- ions incorporation and crystal growth. This in turn effects both particle size and lattice distortion, leading to c/a ratio of 1.013 - 1.014. The incorporation of OH- ions induces lattice elongation along the c-axis, contributing to anisotropic growth, increasing of the rod diameter and their growth-induced bending. However, the possibility of the curvature-induced changes in domain morphology of BaTiO3 nanorods remains almost unexplored. To study the possibility, we perform analytical calculations and finite element modeling, which provide insights into the curvature-induced changes in the strain-gradient, polarization distribution, and domain morphology in BaTiO3 nanorods. Theoretical results reveal the appearance of the domain stripes in BaTiO3 nanorod when the curvature exceeds a critical angle. The physical origin of the domain stripes emergence is the tendency to minimize its elastic energy of the nanorod by the domain splitting. These findings suggest that BaTiO3 nanorods, with curvature-controllable amount of domain stripes, could serve as flexible race-track memory elements for flexo-tronics and domain-wall electronics.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

Interfacial Effects and Negative Capacitance State in P(VDF-TrFE) Films with BaTiO3 Nanoparticles

We analyze the temperature dependences of the effective dielectric permittivity of P(VDF-TrFE) films with BaTiO3 nanoparticles (with the average size 24 nm). Transition from a weak to a strong nonlinear temperature dependence of the dielectric permittivity is observed near the freezing temperature (near -50 °C) of P(VDF-TrFE). The transition is followed by a diffuse step-like change in the temperature range (0 - 40)°C, and a subsequent maximum of the dielectric permittivity in the P(VDF-TrFE) films with a lower content (~20-40 vol.%) of BaTiO3 nanoparticles; or by a quasi-plateau of the dielectric permittivity in the P(VDF-TrFE) films with a higher content (~ 50-70 vol.%) of BaTiO3 nanoparticles. The frequency dispersion of the dielectric permittivity is significant in the vicinity of its maxima. The temperature-frequency shift of the permittivity region with a strong temperature dependence is positive. The temperature-frequency shift of the maxima is insignificant (or negative) for the P(VDF-TrFE) films with lower content of BaTiO3 nanoparticles. Increasing the content of BaTiO3 nanoparticles leads to a significant increase in the relative dielectric permittivity of the P(VDF-TrFE)-BaTiO3 films compared to pure P(VDF-TrFE) films (from 8 to 50 at 25 °C). At the same time, the voltage response of the studied P(VDF-TrFE)/BaTiO3 films to the frequency-modulated IR radiation flux has rather photoelectric than pyroelectric nature. A phenomenological model, which considers the screening charges at the interfaces, as well as dipole-dipole cross-interaction effects between the ferroelectric nanoparticles, is proposed to describe the temperature and frequency behavior of the effective dielectric permittivity. The negative capacitance state, which originates due to the interfacial effects, is predicted in the P(VDF-TrFE) films with a high content of BaTiO3 nanoparticles.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

Current Advances in Magnetoelectric Composites with Various Interphase Connectivity Types

Magnetoelectric composites integrate the coupling between magnetic and piezoelectric materials to create new functionalities for potential technological applications. This coupling is typically achieved through the exchange of magnetic, electric, or elastic energy across the interfaces between the different constituent materials. Tailoring the strength of the magnetoelectric effect is primarily accomplished by selecting suitable materials for each constituent and by optimizing geometrical and microstructural designs. Various composite architectures, such as (0-3), (2-2), (1-3) and core-shell connectivities, have been studied to enhance magnetoelectric coupling and other required physical properties in composites. This review examines the latest advancements in magnetoelectric materials, focusing on the impact of different interphase connectivity types on their properties and performance. Before exploring magnetic-electric coupling, a brief overview of the historical background of multiferroic magnetoelectric composites is provided. Fundamental concepts underlying the magnetoelectric effect, piezoelectricity, and the magnetostrictive effect are explained, including their origins and examples of these materials' properties. So far, three types of magnetoelectric composite connectivities have been investigated experimentally: particulate composites (0-3), laminated and thin films (2-2), sticks embedded in matrix, core-shell particles, and coaxial fibers. An outlook on the prospects and scientific challenges in the field of multiferroic magnetoelectric composites is given at the end of this review.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2025

BCZT/LSMO/BCZT multilayer films for high temperature energy storage capacitors

Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3/La0.8Sr0.2MnO3/Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT/LSMO/BCZT) sandwich films were elaborated using the sol-gel spin coating process. The dielectric properties displayed excellent thermal stability with the temperature coefficient of capacitance, TCC, remaining within 10% between -50 C and 300 C. The high energy storage density, Wrec, of 11.8 J/cm3 observed in this sandwich films, is nearly twice as high as that of the BCZT films, with an efficiency, n, of 77% under a weak electric field of 800 kV/cm. Furthermore, the stability of Wrec and n was observed along the studied temperature interval making them promising candidates for high-temperature energy storage capacitors.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2024

Impact of Polymeric precursor and Auto-combustion on the Structural, Microstructural, Magnetic, and Magnetocaloric Properties of La0.8Sr0.2MnO3

In this work, La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSMO) nanopowders are synthesized using two different methods: Pechini (LSMO-PC) and auto-combustion (LSMO-AC). Nanoparticle sizes, structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties were determined and compared. The X-ray diffraction confirms the coexistence of two phases; rhombohedral symmetry with space group R-3c and orthorhombic symmetry with space group Pbnm, with the rhombohedral phase dominating. The scanning electron microscope images show that LSMO-PC has larger nanoparticle sizes (~495 nm) than LSMO-AC (~195 nm). The samples exhibit ferromagnetic properties with distinct hysteresis loops and Curie temperatures 340 K and 290 K for LSMO-PC and LSMO-AC respectively. The variation of the magnetic entropy was measured indirectly using the Maxwell approach with increasing magnetic field. For LSMO-PC it reaches a maximum -dSM=1.69 J/kg.K at 340 K and dH= 5 T. The associated adiabatic temperature change dTM is 1.04 K. While LSMO-PC demonstrates superior magnetic and magnetocaloric properties, LSMO-AC displays significant magnetocaloric thermal stability. The obtained values make LSMO-PC and LSMO-AC promising candidates for eco-friendly room-temperature magnetocaloric applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2023

Size-Induced High Electrocaloric Response of Dense Ferroelectric Nanocomposites

Analytical results obtained within Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire approach and effective media models, predict that the synergy of size effects and Vegard stresses can significantly enhance the electrocaloric cooling (up to 7 times) of the BaTiO3 nanoparticles in comparison with a bulk BaTiO3. To compare with the considered effective media models, we measured the capacitance-voltage and current-voltage characteristics of the dense nanocomposites consisting of (28-35) vol.% BaTiO3 nanoparticles incorporated in organic polymers and determined experimentally the effective dielectric permittivity and losses of the composites. Generalizing obtained analytical results, various ferroelectric nanoparticles spontaneously stressed by elastic defects, such as oxygen vacancies or any other elastic dipoles, which create a strong chemical pressure, can cause the giant electrocaloric response of dense ferroelectric nanocomposites. We have shown that the advantages of the studied lead-free dense nanocomposites are the good tunability of electrocaloric cooling temperature due to the size effects in ferroelectric nanoparticles and the easy control of the high electrocaloric cooling by electric fields. This makes the dense ferroelectric nanocomposites promising for cooling of conventional and innovative electronic elements, such as FETs with high-temperature superconductor channels.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2023

Enhanced RCP and large inverse magnetocaloric effect of CoFe$_2$O$_4$ nanoparticles synthesized by auto-combustion method

This work focuses on the microstructure, magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect of CoFe$_2$O$_4$ (CFO) nanoparticles elaborated by sol-gel auto combustion method. The XRD investigation indicates that CFO is crystallized in a cubic spinel structure and the SEM micrograph shows a fine quasi-spherical with an average grain sizes of 160 nm. The temperature dependence of the Raman spectra reveals the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic (FM-PM) transition started from 723 K and the magnetization versus temperature measurements shows the Curie temperature located at T$_{\rm C}$ = 785 K. Large value of magnetocaloric temperature change of $Δ$T =11.2 K with a high RCP of 687.56 J Kg$^{-1}$ are achieved indirectly via the Maxwell approach making our CFO nanopowder suitable candidate for both environmentally friendly magnetic refrigeration and medical applications at ambient temperature.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2023

Magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic CFO/BCTSn core shell nanofibers elaborated by co-axial electrospinning method

Multiferroic CoFe2O4-Ba0.95Ca0.05Ti0.89Sn0.11O3 core-shell nanofibers (CFO@BCTSn NFs) were synthesized by a sol-gel co-axial electrospinning technique. The scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to check nanofibers' core-shell structure/configuration. X-ray diffraction and a high-resolution transmission electron microscope were used to confirm the spinel structure of CFO and the perovskite structure of BCTSn. The magnetic character of the resultant CFO@BCTSn NFs was determined by SQUID magnetometry. The piezoelectricity was verified using piezo-response force microscopy, which revealed an entirely covered ferroelectric shell outline, in accordance with SEM and TEM observations. The magnetoelectric (ME) coefficient was measured as a function of the applied external DC magnetic field. The maximum ME coefficient obtained for the CFO@BCTSn NFs was 346 mV cm-1 Oe-1. The high magnetoelectric coupling suggests that CFO@BCTSn NFs could be a promising candidate for magnetic field sensor and magnetoelectric device applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2023

Room-temperature magnetoelectric effect in lead-free multiferroic $(1-x)$ Ba$_{0.95}$Ca$_{0.05}$Ti$_{0.89}$Sn$_{0.11}$O$_3$-$(x)$CoFe$_2$O$_4$ particulate composites

Multiferroic particulate composites $(1-x)$ Ba$_{0.95}$Ca$_{0.05}$Ti$_{0.89}$Sn$_{0.11}$O$_3$-$(x)$CoFe$_2$O$_4$ with ($x$ = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5) have been prepared by mechanical mixing of the calcined and milled individual ferroic phases. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of both perovskite Ba$_{0.95}$Ca$_{0.05}$Ti$_{0.89}$Sn$_{0.11}$O$_3$ (BCTSn) and spinel CoFe$_2$O$_4$ (CFO) phases without the presence of additional phases. The morphological properties of the composites were provided by using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. The BCTSn-CFO composites exhibit multiferroic behavior at room temperature, as evidenced by ferroelectric and ferromagnetic hysteresis loops. The magnetoelectric (ME) coupling was measured under a magnetic field up to 10 kOe and the maximum ME response found to be 0.1 mV /cm/ Oe for the composition 0.7 BCTSn-0.3 CFO exhibiting a high degree of pseudo-cubicity and large density.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

Enhanced electrocaloric and energy-storage properties of environment-friendly ferroelectric Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti1-xSnxO3 ceramics

The electrocaloric (EC) effect and energy storage properties of eco-friendly ferroelectric Ba0.9Sr0.1Ti1-xSnxO3 (BSTS-x) ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method were studied. Significant energy efficiency exceeding 80% was found in our samples. In particular, BSTS-5 and BSTS-10 samples exhibit 92% and 88% efficiency, respectively, over a wide temperature range around room temperature (RT). Direct EC measurement and an indirect method based on the thermodynamic approach were used to characterize the EC effect, and both yielded consistent results. The largest electrocaloric responsivity of 0.73 K mm/kV was obtained for BSTS-0 at 368 K with an adiabatic temperature change DT(EC) of 0.55 K at a low applied electric field of only 7.4 kV/cm. With increasing Sn-content, the EC response of BSTS-x ceramics decreases, while their diffuseness increases over an extensive temperature range, centered at RT. A significant coefficient of performance (COP > 26) was found for our samples. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of designing eco-friendly materials with higher EC effect and energy efficiency for potential solid-state refrigeration and energy storage devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

Improved energy storage and electrocaloric properties of lead-free Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 ceramic

Lead-free ba0.85ca0.15zr0.1ti0.9o3 (bczt) ceramic powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method. to achieve high-energy storage and large electrocaloric effect in bulk ceramics the ceramics thickness was reduced. dielectric, ferroelectric, energy storage, and electrocaloric properties were investigated for bczt ceramic with 400 μm. here, pure crystalline structure and homogenous microstructure were identified by xrd analysis and sem measurements, respectively. the dielectric measurements revealed a maximum dielectric constant associated with ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition. the maximum of ε was 7841 around 352 k. furthermore, the bczt ceramic showed improved energy storage and electrocaloric properties. a high recoverable energy density wrec of 0.24 j/cm3 and a total energy density wtotal of 0.27 j/cm3 with an efficiency coefficient of ~ 88% at 423 k under an electric field of 55 kv/cm was obtained. besides, the maximum value of δt = 2.32 k, the electrocaloric responsivity ζ = 0.42 k mm/kv, the refrigeration capacity rc= 4.59 j/kg and the coefficient of performance cop = 12.38 were achieved around 384 k under 55 kv/cm. the total energy density wtotal and the temperature change δt were also calculated by exploiting the landau-ginzburg-devonshire (lgd) theory. the theoretical results matched the experimental findings. these results suggest that the synthesized bczt ceramic with the reduced thickness could be a promising candidate for energy storage and electrocaloric applications.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗