arXiv subjects

Zheng Hui

Publications and source records attributed to Zheng Hui.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2025

ToxiLab: How Well Do Open-Source LLMs Generate Synthetic Toxicity Data?

Effective toxic content detection relies heavily on high-quality and diverse data, which serve as the foundation for robust content moderation models. Synthetic data has become a common approach for training models across various NLP tasks. However, its effectiveness remains uncertain for highly subjective tasks like hate speech detection, with previous research yielding mixed results. This study explores the potential of open-source LLMs for harmful data synthesis, utilizing controlled prompting and supervised fine-tuning techniques to enhance data quality and diversity. We systematically evaluated 6 open source LLMs on 5 datasets, assessing their ability to generate diverse, high-quality harmful data while minimizing hallucination and duplication. Our results show that Mistral consistently outperforms other open models, and supervised fine-tuning significantly enhances data reliability and diversity. We further analyze the trade-offs between prompt-based vs. fine-tuned toxic data synthesis, discuss real-world deployment challenges, and highlight ethical considerations. Our findings demonstrate that fine-tuned open source LLMs provide scalable and cost-effective solutions to augment toxic content detection datasets, paving the way for more accessible and transparent content moderation tools.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

PropaInsight: Toward Deeper Understanding of Propaganda in Terms of Techniques, Appeals, and Intent

Propaganda plays a critical role in shaping public opinion and fueling disinformation. While existing research primarily focuses on identifying propaganda techniques, it lacks the ability to capture the broader motives and the impacts of such content. To address these challenges, we introduce propainsight, a conceptual framework grounded in foundational social science research, which systematically dissects propaganda into techniques, arousal appeals, and underlying intent. propainsight offers a more granular understanding of how propaganda operates across different contexts. Additionally, we present propagaze, a novel dataset that combines human-annotated data with high-quality synthetic data generated through a meticulously designed pipeline. Our experiments show that off-the-shelf LLMs struggle with propaganda analysis, but training with propagaze significantly improves performance. Fine-tuned Llama-7B-Chat achieves 203.4% higher text span IoU in technique identification and 66.2% higher BertScore in appeal analysis compared to 1-shot GPT-4-Turbo. Moreover, propagaze complements limited human-annotated data in data-sparse and cross-domain scenarios, showing its potential for comprehensive and generalizable propaganda analysis.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

Solving the Content Gap in Roblox Game Recommendations: LLM-Based Profile Generation and Reranking

With the vast and dynamic user-generated content on Roblox, creating effective game recommendations requires a deep understanding of game content. Traditional recommendation models struggle with the inconsistent and sparse nature of game text features such as titles and descriptions. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) offer opportunities to enhance recommendation systems by analyzing in-game text data. This paper addresses two challenges: generating high-quality, structured text features for games without extensive human annotation, and validating these features to ensure they improve recommendation relevance. We propose an approach that extracts in-game text and uses LLMs to infer attributes such as genre and gameplay objectives from raw player interactions. Additionally, we introduce an LLM-based re-ranking mechanism to assess the effectiveness of the generated text features, enhancing personalization and user satisfaction. Beyond recommendations, our approach supports applications such as user engagement-based integrity detection, already deployed in production. This scalable framework demonstrates the potential of in-game text understanding to improve recommendation quality on Roblox and adapt recommendations to its unique, user-generated ecosystem.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2025

WinClick: GUI Grounding with Multimodal Large Language Models

Graphical User Interface (GUI) tasks are vital for automating workflows such as software testing, user interface navigation. For users, the GUI is the most intuitive platform for interacting with a computer. Previous work identified a key challenge in developing visual GUI agents: GUI grounding - the ability to accurately locate screen elements based on instructions. However, most existing GUI agents rely on structured data formats like DOM or HTML files in training or inferencing, which are inaccessible across all applications, particular in a general desktop environments such as Windows OS. To address this, we introduce WinClick, a novel visual GUI agent developed in Windows platform. WinClick leverages screenshots to detect actionable regions. To overcome the challenge of GUI grounding, we enhance WinClick with GUI grounding pre-training and propose an LLM-based method for aligning GUI grounding data. Additionally, we introduce WinSpot, the first comprehensive benchmark for GUI grounding on Windows. Our experiments demonstrate that WinClick, combined with GUI grounding pre-training, significantly outperforms existing baselines, offering a scalable solution for GUI automation in desktop environments. WinSpot is publicly available at https://github.com/zackhuiiiii/WinSpot.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Enhancing Multimodal Large Language Models Complex Reason via Similarity Computation

Multimodal large language models have experienced rapid growth, and numerous different models have emerged. The interpretability of LVLMs remains an under-explored area. Especially when faced with more complex tasks such as chain-of-thought reasoning, its internal mechanisms still resemble a black box that is difficult to decipher. By studying the interaction and information flow between images and text, we noticed that in models such as LLaVA1.5, image tokens that are semantically related to text are more likely to have information flow convergence in the LLM decoding layer, and these image tokens receive higher attention scores. However, those image tokens that are less relevant to the text do not have information flow convergence, and they only get very small attention scores. To efficiently utilize the image information, we propose a new image token reduction method, Simignore, which aims to improve the complex reasoning ability of LVLMs by computing the similarity between image and text embeddings and ignoring image tokens that are irrelevant and unimportant to the text. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for complex reasoning tasks. The paper's source code can be accessed from \url{https://github.com/FanshuoZeng/Simignore}.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

Enhancing Pre-Trained Generative Language Models with Question Attended Span Extraction on Machine Reading Comprehension

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) poses a significant challenge in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP). While mainstream MRC methods predominantly leverage extractive strategies using encoder-only models such as BERT, generative approaches face the issue of out-of-control generation -- a critical problem where answers generated are often incorrect, irrelevant, or unfaithful to the source text. To address these limitations in generative models for MRC, we introduce the Question-Attended Span Extraction (QASE) module. Integrated during the fine-tuning phase of pre-trained generative language models (PLMs), QASE significantly enhances their performance, allowing them to surpass the extractive capabilities of advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 in few-shot settings. Notably, these gains in performance do not come with an increase in computational demands. The efficacy of the QASE module has been rigorously tested across various datasets, consistently achieving or even surpassing state-of-the-art (SOTA) results, thereby bridging the gap between generative and extractive models in extractive MRC tasks.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

Defending Against Social Engineering Attacks in the Age of LLMs

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) poses challenges in detecting and mitigating digital deception, as these models can emulate human conversational patterns and facilitate chat-based social engineering (CSE) attacks. This study investigates the dual capabilities of LLMs as both facilitators and defenders against CSE threats. We develop a novel dataset, SEConvo, simulating CSE scenarios in academic and recruitment contexts, and designed to examine how LLMs can be exploited in these situations. Our findings reveal that, while off-the-shelf LLMs generate high-quality CSE content, their detection capabilities are suboptimal, leading to increased operational costs for defense. In response, we propose ConvoSentinel, a modular defense pipeline that improves detection at both the message and the conversation levels, offering enhanced adaptability and cost-effectiveness. The retrieval-augmented module in ConvoSentinel identifies malicious intent by comparing messages to a database of similar conversations, enhancing CSE detection at all stages. Our study highlights the need for advanced strategies to leverage LLMs in cybersecurity.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2024

VideoElevator: Elevating Video Generation Quality with Versatile Text-to-Image Diffusion Models

Text-to-image diffusion models (T2I) have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in creating realistic and aesthetic images. On the contrary, text-to-video diffusion models (T2V) still lag far behind in frame quality and text alignment, owing to insufficient quality and quantity of training videos. In this paper, we introduce VideoElevator, a training-free and plug-and-play method, which elevates the performance of T2V using superior capabilities of T2I. Different from conventional T2V sampling (i.e., temporal and spatial modeling), VideoElevator explicitly decomposes each sampling step into temporal motion refining and spatial quality elevating. Specifically, temporal motion refining uses encapsulated T2V to enhance temporal consistency, followed by inverting to the noise distribution required by T2I. Then, spatial quality elevating harnesses inflated T2I to directly predict less noisy latent, adding more photo-realistic details. We have conducted experiments in extensive prompts under the combination of various T2V and T2I. The results show that VideoElevator not only improves the performance of T2V baselines with foundational T2I, but also facilitates stylistic video synthesis with personalized T2I. Our code is available at https://github.com/YBYBZhang/VideoElevator.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2024

QASE Enhanced PLMs: Improved Control in Text Generation for MRC

To address the challenges of out-of-control generation in generative models for machine reading comprehension (MRC), we introduce the Question-Attended Span Extraction (QASE) module. Integrated during the fine-tuning of pre-trained generative language models (PLMs), QASE enables these PLMs to match SOTA extractive methods and outperform leading LLMs like GPT-4 in MRC tasks, without significant increases in computational costs.

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arXiv2023

Auto-Prox: Training-Free Vision Transformer Architecture Search via Automatic Proxy Discovery

The substantial success of Vision Transformer (ViT) in computer vision tasks is largely attributed to the architecture design. This underscores the necessity of efficient architecture search for designing better ViTs automatically. As training-based architecture search methods are computationally intensive, there is a growing interest in training-free methods that use zero-cost proxies to score ViTs. However, existing training-free approaches require expert knowledge to manually design specific zero-cost proxies. Moreover, these zero-cost proxies exhibit limitations to generalize across diverse domains. In this paper, we introduce Auto-Prox, an automatic proxy discovery framework, to address the problem. First, we build the ViT-Bench-101, which involves different ViT candidates and their actual performance on multiple datasets. Utilizing ViT-Bench-101, we can evaluate zero-cost proxies based on their score-accuracy correlation. Then, we represent zero-cost proxies with computation graphs and organize the zero-cost proxy search space with ViT statistics and primitive operations. To discover generic zero-cost proxies, we propose a joint correlation metric to evolve and mutate different zero-cost proxy candidates. We introduce an elitism-preserve strategy for search efficiency to achieve a better trade-off between exploitation and exploration. Based on the discovered zero-cost proxy, we conduct a ViT architecture search in a training-free manner. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method generalizes well to different datasets and achieves state-of-the-art results both in ranking correlation and final accuracy. Codes can be found at https://github.com/lilujunai/Auto-Prox-AAAI24.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

DreaMoving: A Human Video Generation Framework based on Diffusion Models

In this paper, we present DreaMoving, a diffusion-based controllable video generation framework to produce high-quality customized human videos. Specifically, given target identity and posture sequences, DreaMoving can generate a video of the target identity moving or dancing anywhere driven by the posture sequences. To this end, we propose a Video ControlNet for motion-controlling and a Content Guider for identity preserving. The proposed model is easy to use and can be adapted to most stylized diffusion models to generate diverse results. The project page is available at https://dreamoving.github.io/dreamoving

cs.CV↗

arXiv2023

Language Knowledge-Assisted Representation Learning for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition

How humans understand and recognize the actions of others is a complex neuroscientific problem that involves a combination of cognitive mechanisms and neural networks. Research has shown that humans have brain areas that recognize actions that process top-down attentional information, such as the temporoparietal association area. Also, humans have brain regions dedicated to understanding the minds of others and analyzing their intentions, such as the medial prefrontal cortex of the temporal lobe. Skeleton-based action recognition creates mappings for the complex connections between the human skeleton movement patterns and behaviors. Although existing studies encoded meaningful node relationships and synthesized action representations for classification with good results, few of them considered incorporating a priori knowledge to aid potential representation learning for better performance. LA-GCN proposes a graph convolution network using large-scale language models (LLM) knowledge assistance. First, the LLM knowledge is mapped into a priori global relationship (GPR) topology and a priori category relationship (CPR) topology between nodes. The GPR guides the generation of new "bone" representations, aiming to emphasize essential node information from the data level. The CPR mapping simulates category prior knowledge in human brain regions, encoded by the PC-AC module and used to add additional supervision-forcing the model to learn class-distinguishable features. In addition, to improve information transfer efficiency in topology modeling, we propose multi-hop attention graph convolution. It aggregates each node's k-order neighbor simultaneously to speed up model convergence. LA-GCN reaches state-of-the-art on NTU RGB+D, NTU RGB+D 120, and NW-UCLA datasets.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2022

Learned Smartphone ISP on Mobile GPUs with Deep Learning, Mobile AI & AIM 2022 Challenge: Report

The role of mobile cameras increased dramatically over the past few years, leading to more and more research in automatic image quality enhancement and RAW photo processing. In this Mobile AI challenge, the target was to develop an efficient end-to-end AI-based image signal processing (ISP) pipeline replacing the standard mobile ISPs that can run on modern smartphone GPUs using TensorFlow Lite. The participants were provided with a large-scale Fujifilm UltraISP dataset consisting of thousands of paired photos captured with a normal mobile camera sensor and a professional 102MP medium-format FujiFilm GFX100 camera. The runtime of the resulting models was evaluated on the Snapdragon's 8 Gen 1 GPU that provides excellent acceleration results for the majority of common deep learning ops. The proposed solutions are compatible with all recent mobile GPUs, being able to process Full HD photos in less than 20-50 milliseconds while achieving high fidelity results. A detailed description of all models developed in this challenge is provided in this paper.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2022

NTIRE 2022 Challenge on Efficient Super-Resolution: Methods and Results

This paper reviews the NTIRE 2022 challenge on efficient single image super-resolution with focus on the proposed solutions and results. The task of the challenge was to super-resolve an input image with a magnification factor of $\times$4 based on pairs of low and corresponding high resolution images. The aim was to design a network for single image super-resolution that achieved improvement of efficiency measured according to several metrics including runtime, parameters, FLOPs, activations, and memory consumption while at least maintaining the PSNR of 29.00dB on DIV2K validation set. IMDN is set as the baseline for efficiency measurement. The challenge had 3 tracks including the main track (runtime), sub-track one (model complexity), and sub-track two (overall performance). In the main track, the practical runtime performance of the submissions was evaluated. The rank of the teams were determined directly by the absolute value of the average runtime on the validation set and test set. In sub-track one, the number of parameters and FLOPs were considered. And the individual rankings of the two metrics were summed up to determine a final ranking in this track. In sub-track two, all of the five metrics mentioned in the description of the challenge including runtime, parameter count, FLOPs, activations, and memory consumption were considered. Similar to sub-track one, the rankings of five metrics were summed up to determine a final ranking. The challenge had 303 registered participants, and 43 teams made valid submissions. They gauge the state-of-the-art in efficient single image super-resolution.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2021

Real-Time Video Super-Resolution on Smartphones with Deep Learning, Mobile AI 2021 Challenge: Report

Video super-resolution has recently become one of the most important mobile-related problems due to the rise of video communication and streaming services. While many solutions have been proposed for this task, the majority of them are too computationally expensive to run on portable devices with limited hardware resources. To address this problem, we introduce the first Mobile AI challenge, where the target is to develop an end-to-end deep learning-based video super-resolution solutions that can achieve a real-time performance on mobile GPUs. The participants were provided with the REDS dataset and trained their models to do an efficient 4X video upscaling. The runtime of all models was evaluated on the OPPO Find X2 smartphone with the Snapdragon 865 SoC capable of accelerating floating-point networks on its Adreno GPU. The proposed solutions are fully compatible with any mobile GPU and can upscale videos to HD resolution at up to 80 FPS while demonstrating high fidelity results. A detailed description of all models developed in the challenge is provided in this paper.

eess.IV↗

arXiv2020

Image Fine-grained Inpainting

Image inpainting techniques have shown promising improvement with the assistance of generative adversarial networks (GANs) recently. However, most of them often suffered from completed results with unreasonable structure or blurriness. To mitigate this problem, in this paper, we present a one-stage model that utilizes dense combinations of dilated convolutions to obtain larger and more effective receptive fields. Benefited from the property of this network, we can more easily recover large regions in an incomplete image. To better train this efficient generator, except for frequently-used VGG feature matching loss, we design a novel self-guided regression loss for concentrating on uncertain areas and enhancing the semantic details. Besides, we devise a geometrical alignment constraint item to compensate for the pixel-based distance between prediction features and ground-truth ones. We also employ a discriminator with local and global branches to ensure local-global contents consistency. To further improve the quality of generated images, discriminator feature matching on the local branch is introduced, which dynamically minimizes the similarity of intermediate features between synthetic and ground-truth patches. Extensive experiments on several public datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms current state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/Zheng222/DMFN.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2020

Progressive Perception-Oriented Network for Single Image Super-Resolution

Recently, it has been demonstrated that deep neural networks can significantly improve the performance of single image super-resolution (SISR). Numerous studies have concentrated on raising the quantitative quality of super-resolved (SR) images. However, these methods that target PSNR maximization usually produce blurred images at large upscaling factor. The introduction of generative adversarial networks (GANs) can mitigate this issue and show impressive results with synthetic high-frequency textures. Nevertheless, these GAN-based approaches always have a tendency to add fake textures and even artifacts to make the SR image of visually higher-resolution. In this paper, we propose a novel perceptual image super-resolution method that progressively generates visually high-quality results by constructing a stage-wise network. Specifically, the first phase concentrates on minimizing pixel-wise error, and the second stage utilizes the features extracted by the previous stage to pursue results with better structural retention. The final stage employs fine structure features distilled by the second phase to produce more realistic results. In this way, we can maintain the pixel, and structural level information in the perceptual image as much as possible. It is useful to note that the proposed method can build three types of images in a feed-forward process. Also, we explore a new generator that adopts multi-scale hierarchical features fusion. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that our approach is superior to the state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/Zheng222/PPON.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2019

AIM 2019 Challenge on Constrained Super-Resolution: Methods and Results

This paper reviews the AIM 2019 challenge on constrained example-based single image super-resolution with focus on proposed solutions and results. The challenge had 3 tracks. Taking the three main aspects (i.e., number of parameters, inference/running time, fidelity (PSNR)) of MSRResNet as the baseline, Track 1 aims to reduce the amount of parameters while being constrained to maintain or improve the running time and the PSNR result, Tracks 2 and 3 aim to optimize running time and PSNR result with constrain of the other two aspects, respectively. Each track had an average of 64 registered participants, and 12 teams submitted the final results. They gauge the state-of-the-art in single image super-resolution.

eess.IV↗