Information surfaces and overflow fields: a unitary evolution model based on the principle of information curvature scaling
The black hole information paradox exposes a fundamental contradiction between quantum unitarity and semiclassical gravity. Although the entanglement island paradigm is capable of reproducing the Page curve, the physical essence of quantum extremal surfaces and the microscopic mechanism of information transfer have yet to be clarified. Taking quantum information as a fundamental conserved quantity and adopting the principle of information curvature scaling, this paper argues that no singularity exists inside a black hole. Instead, there exist information surfaces encoding quantum information and attached overflow field structures. The model divides black hole evaporation into two stages: the unsaturated stage and the saturated stage. During the unsaturated stage, Hawking radiation dissipates the overflow field, resulting in a steady increase of entanglement entropy. In the saturated stage, the overflow field is completely exhausted. The information surface then undergoes fragmentation and reconstruction, emitting high-energy particles carrying quantum information and driving a gradual decline in entanglement entropy. At the very final stage of black hole evaporation, all residual quantum information and mass are released entirely through a quantum outburst. This model establishes the physical correspondences between the event horizon and the quantum extremal surface, as well as between the information surface and the entanglement island, which can provide some phenomenological constraints for quantum gravity theories.