arXiv subjects

Zhi Liu

Publications and source records attributed to Zhi Liu.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2025

From Rational Answers to Emotional Resonance: The Role of Controllable Emotion Generation in Language Models

Purpose: Emotion is a fundamental component of human communication, shaping understanding, trust, and engagement across domains such as education, healthcare, and mental health. While large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong reasoning and knowledge generation capabilities, they still struggle to express emotions in a consistent, controllable, and contextually appropriate manner. This limitation restricts their potential for authentic human-AI interaction. Methods: We propose a controllable emotion generation framework based on Emotion Vectors (EVs) - latent representations derived from internal activation shifts between neutral and emotion-conditioned responses. By injecting these vectors into the hidden states of pretrained LLMs during inference, our method enables fine-grained, continuous modulation of emotional tone without any additional training or architectural modification. We further provide theoretical analysis proving that EV steering enhances emotional expressivity while maintaining semantic fidelity and linguistic fluency. Results: Extensive experiments across multiple LLM families show that the proposed approach achieves consistent emotional alignment, stable topic adherence, and controllable affect intensity. Compared with existing prompt-based and fine-tuning-based baselines, our method demonstrates superior flexibility and generalizability. Conclusion: Emotion Vector (EV) steering provides an efficient and interpretable means of bridging rational reasoning and affective understanding in large language models, offering a promising direction for building emotionally resonant AI systems capable of more natural human-machine interaction.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

A Wideband Composite Sequence Impedance Model for Evaluation of Interactions in Unbalanced Power-Electronic-Based Power Systems

This paper proposes a wideband composite sequence impedance model (WCSIM)-based analysis method to evaluate the interactions in power-electronic-based power systems subjected to unbalanced grid faults or with unbalanced loads. The WCSIM-based method intuitively assesses the impact of the small-signal interconnection among the positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence circuits on the interaction stability of unbalanced power systems. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated using a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based weak grid system under a single-line-to-ground fault (SLGF). Frequency scanning results and controller hardware-in-loop tests validate both the correctness of the WCSIM and the effectiveness of the WCSIM-based analysis method.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2025

Multiscale Quantile Regression with Local Error Control

For robust and efficient detection of change points, we introduce a novel methodology MUSCLE (Multiscale qUantile Segmentation Controlling Local Error) that partitions serial data into multiple segments, each sharing a common quantile. It leverages multiple tests for quantile changes over different scales and locations, and variational estimation. Unlike the often adopted global error control, MUSCLE focuses on local errors defined on individual segments, significantly improving detection power in finding change points. Meanwhile, due to the built-in model complexity penalty, it enjoys the finite sample guarantee that its false discovery rate (or the expected proportion of falsely detected change points) is upper bounded by its unique tuning parameter. Further, we obtain the consistency and the localization error rates in estimating change points, under mild signal-to-noise-ratio conditions. Both match (up to log factors) the minimax optimality results in the Gaussian setup. All theories hold under the only distributional assumption of serial independence. Incorporating the wavelet tree data structure, we develop an efficient dynamic programming algorithm for computing MUSCLE. Extensive simulations as well as real data applications in electrophysiology and geophysics demonstrate its competitiveness and effectiveness. An implementation via R package muscle is available on GitHub.

stat.ME↗

arXiv2025

Precision measurement and modelling of the threshold-free 210Pb β spectrum

Beta decay is a fundamental process that governs nuclear stability and serves as a sensitive probe of the weak interaction and possible physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. However, precise measurements of complete $β$ decay spectra, particularly at low energies, remain experimentally and theoretically challenging. Here we report a high-precision, threshold-free measurement of the full $β$ decay spectrum of 210Pb to excited states of 210Bi, using a transition-edge sensor (TES)-based micro-calorimeter. This approach enables the detection of $β$ particle energies from 0 keV up to their endpoint by coincidence summing with subsequent de-excitation energy, thereby eliminating reconstruction artifacts near zero energy that have traditionally limited low-energy spectral accuracy. To our knowledge, this is the first complete, high-precision $β$ decay spectrum from 0 keV. The data resolve theoretical uncertainties associated with the atomic quantum exchange (AQE) effect. An accompanying ab initio theoretical framework, incorporating atomic, leptonic, and nuclear components, predicts a statistically significant (7.2 {$σ$}) enhancement in $β$ emission probability near zero energy, in agreement with the measurement and in contrast to models that omit AQE corrections. These results provide a new benchmark for $β$ decay theory at low energies, deepen our understanding of the weak interaction, and establish a critical foundation for searches for new physics, including dark matter interactions and precision studies of neutrinos.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2025

Information Bottleneck-based Causal Attention for Multi-label Medical Image Recognition

Multi-label classification (MLC) of medical images aims to identify multiple diseases and holds significant clinical potential. A critical step is to learn class-specific features for accurate diagnosis and improved interpretability effectively. However, current works focus primarily on causal attention to learn class-specific features, yet they struggle to interpret the true cause due to the inadvertent attention to class-irrelevant features. To address this challenge, we propose a new structural causal model (SCM) that treats class-specific attention as a mixture of causal, spurious, and noisy factors, and a novel Information Bottleneck-based Causal Attention (IBCA) that is capable of learning the discriminative class-specific attention for MLC of medical images. Specifically, we propose learning Gaussian mixture multi-label spatial attention to filter out class-irrelevant information and capture each class-specific attention pattern. Then a contrastive enhancement-based causal intervention is proposed to gradually mitigate the spurious attention and reduce noise information by aligning multi-head attention with the Gaussian mixture multi-label spatial. Quantitative and ablation results on Endo and MuReD show that IBCA outperforms all methods. Compared to the second-best results for each metric, IBCA achieves improvements of 6.35\% in CR, 7.72\% in OR, and 5.02\% in mAP for MuReD, 1.47\% in CR, and 1.65\% in CF1, and 1.42\% in mAP for Endo.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Learning from Heterogeneity: Generalizing Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition via Distributionally Robust Optimization

Dynamic Facial Expression Recognition (DFER) plays a critical role in affective computing and human-computer interaction. Although existing methods achieve comparable performance, they inevitably suffer from performance degradation under sample heterogeneity caused by multi-source data and individual expression variability. To address these challenges, we propose a novel framework, called Heterogeneity-aware Distributional Framework (HDF), and design two plug-and-play modules to enhance time-frequency modeling and mitigate optimization imbalance caused by hard samples. Specifically, the Time-Frequency Distributional Attention Module (DAM) captures both temporal consistency and frequency robustness through a dual-branch attention design, improving tolerance to sequence inconsistency and visual style shifts. Then, based on gradient sensitivity and information bottleneck principles, an adaptive optimization module Distribution-aware Scaling Module (DSM) is introduced to dynamically balance classification and contrastive losses, enabling more stable and discriminative representation learning. Extensive experiments on two widely used datasets, DFEW and FERV39k, demonstrate that HDF significantly improves both recognition accuracy and robustness. Our method achieves superior weighted average recall (WAR) and unweighted average recall (UAR) while maintaining strong generalization across diverse and imbalanced scenarios. Codes are released at https://github.com/QIcita/HDF_DFER.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Adaptive 3D Gaussian Splatting Video Streaming

The advent of 3D Gaussian splatting (3DGS) has significantly enhanced the quality of volumetric video representation. Meanwhile, in contrast to conventional volumetric video, 3DGS video poses significant challenges for streaming due to its substantially larger data volume and the heightened complexity involved in compression and transmission. To address these issues, we introduce an innovative framework for 3DGS volumetric video streaming. Specifically, we design a 3DGS video construction method based on the Gaussian deformation field. By employing hybrid saliency tiling and differentiated quality modeling of 3DGS video, we achieve efficient data compression and adaptation to bandwidth fluctuations while ensuring high transmission quality. Then we build a complete 3DGS video streaming system and validate the transmission performance. Through experimental evaluation, our method demonstrated superiority over existing approaches in various aspects, including video quality, compression effectiveness, and transmission rate.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Adaptive 3D Gaussian Splatting Video Streaming: Visual Saliency-Aware Tiling and Meta-Learning-Based Bitrate Adaptation

3D Gaussian splatting video (3DGS) streaming has recently emerged as a research hotspot in both academia and industry, owing to its impressive ability to deliver immersive 3D video experiences. However, research in this area is still in its early stages, and several fundamental challenges, such as tiling, quality assessment, and bitrate adaptation, require further investigation. In this paper, we tackle these challenges by proposing a comprehensive set of solutions. Specifically, we propose an adaptive 3DGS tiling technique guided by saliency analysis, which integrates both spatial and temporal features. Each tile is encoded into versions possessing dedicated deformation fields and multiple quality levels for adaptive selection. We also introduce a novel quality assessment framework for 3DGS video that jointly evaluates spatial-domain degradation in 3DGS representations during streaming and the quality of the resulting 2D rendered images. Additionally, we develop a meta-learning-based adaptive bitrate algorithm specifically tailored for 3DGS video streaming, achieving optimal performance across varying network conditions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed approaches significantly outperform state-of-the-art methods.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

UniEmoX: Cross-modal Semantic-Guided Large-Scale Pretraining for Universal Scene Emotion Perception

Visual emotion analysis holds significant research value in both computer vision and psychology. However, existing methods for visual emotion analysis suffer from limited generalizability due to the ambiguity of emotion perception and the diversity of data scenarios. To tackle this issue, we introduce UniEmoX, a cross-modal semantic-guided large-scale pretraining framework. Inspired by psychological research emphasizing the inseparability of the emotional exploration process from the interaction between individuals and their environment, UniEmoX integrates scene-centric and person-centric low-level image spatial structural information, aiming to derive more nuanced and discriminative emotional representations. By exploiting the similarity between paired and unpaired image-text samples, UniEmoX distills rich semantic knowledge from the CLIP model to enhance emotional embedding representations more effectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale pretraining framework that integrates psychological theories with contemporary contrastive learning and masked image modeling techniques for emotion analysis across diverse scenarios. Additionally, we develop a visual emotional dataset titled Emo8. Emo8 samples cover a range of domains, including cartoon, natural, realistic, science fiction and advertising cover styles, covering nearly all common emotional scenes. Comprehensive experiments conducted on six benchmark datasets across two downstream tasks validate the effectiveness of UniEmoX. The source code is available at https://github.com/chincharles/u-emo.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2025

Optimizing Fluid Antenna Configurations for Constructive Interference Precoding

The fluid antenna system (FAS) has emerged as a new physical-layer concept to provide enhanced propagation conditions for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications over conventional fixed arrays. This work focuses on minimizing the maximum symbol error probability (SEP) under $M$-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) signaling in a multiuser downlink equipped with FAS, where each antenna moves within nonoverlapping intervals. This specific problem of joint SEP minimization with FAS and constructive interference (CI) precoding has not been previously addressed. The resulting problem turns out to be a nonconvex and nonsmooth optimization challenge. We transform the SEP minimization problem into a safety margin maximization problem in constructive interference precoding. Then, we customize a smoothing technique and a block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm, with emphasis on low computational complexity. Simulation results show that our approach can reduce bit error rate (BER) compared to both the fixed arrays and FAS designed by existing particle swarm optimization (PSO). Also, our approach shows attractively low computational complexity compared to PSO benchmarks.

eess.SP↗

arXiv2025

Viewport Prediction for Volumetric Video Streaming by Exploring Video Saliency and Trajectory Information

Volumetric video, also known as hologram video, is a novel medium that portrays natural content in Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR). It is expected to be the next-gen video technology and a prevalent use case for 5G and beyond wireless communication. Considering that each user typically only watches a section of the volumetric video, known as the viewport, it is essential to have precise viewport prediction for optimal performance. However, research on this topic is still in its infancy. In the end, this paper presents and proposes a novel approach, named Saliency and Trajectory Viewport Prediction (STVP), which aims to improve the precision of viewport prediction in volumetric video streaming. The STVP extensively utilizes video saliency information and viewport trajectory. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of viewport prediction in volumetric video streaming. In particular, we introduce a novel sampling method, Uniform Random Sampling (URS), to reduce computational complexity while still preserving video features in an efficient manner. Then we present a saliency detection technique that incorporates both spatial and temporal information for detecting static, dynamic geometric, and color salient regions. Finally, we intelligently fuse saliency and trajectory information to achieve more accurate viewport prediction. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed viewport prediction methods using state-of-the-art volumetric video sequences. The experimental results show the superiority of the proposed method over existing schemes. The dataset and source code will be publicly accessible after acceptance.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Tianyi: A Traditional Chinese Medicine all-rounder language model and its Real-World Clinical Practice

Natural medicines, particularly Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), are gaining global recognition for their therapeutic potential in addressing human symptoms and diseases. TCM, with its systematic theories and extensive practical experience, provides abundant resources for healthcare. However, the effective application of TCM requires precise syndrome diagnosis, determination of treatment principles, and prescription formulation, which demand decades of clinical expertise. Despite advancements in TCM-based decision systems, machine learning, and deep learning research, limitations in data and single-objective constraints hinder their practical application. In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in complex tasks, but lack specialization in TCM and face significant challenges, such as too big model scale to deploy and issues with hallucination. To address these challenges, we introduce Tianyi with 7.6-billion-parameter LLM, a model scale proper and specifically designed for TCM, pre-trained and fine-tuned on diverse TCM corpora, including classical texts, expert treatises, clinical records, and knowledge graphs. Tianyi is designed to assimilate interconnected and systematic TCM knowledge through a progressive learning manner. Additionally, we establish TCMEval, a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, to assess LLMs in TCM examinations, clinical tasks, domain-specific question-answering, and real-world trials. The extensive evaluations demonstrate the significant potential of Tianyi as an AI assistant in TCM clinical practice and research, bridging the gap between TCM knowledge and practical application.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

Structure-guided Diffusion Transformer for Low-Light Image Enhancement

While the diffusion transformer (DiT) has become a focal point of interest in recent years, its application in low-light image enhancement remains a blank area for exploration. Current methods recover the details from low-light images while inevitably amplifying the noise in images, resulting in poor visual quality. In this paper, we firstly introduce DiT into the low-light enhancement task and design a novel Structure-guided Diffusion Transformer based Low-light image enhancement (SDTL) framework. We compress the feature through wavelet transform to improve the inference efficiency of the model and capture the multi-directional frequency band. Then we propose a Structure Enhancement Module (SEM) that uses structural prior to enhance the texture and leverages an adaptive fusion strategy to achieve more accurate enhancement effect. In Addition, we propose a Structure-guided Attention Block (SAB) to pay more attention to texture-riched tokens and avoid interference from noisy areas in noise prediction. Extensive qualitative and quantitative experiments demonstrate that our method achieves SOTA performance on several popular datasets, validating the effectiveness of SDTL in improving image quality and the potential of DiT in low-light enhancement tasks.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Adaptive monotonicity testing in sublinear time

Modern large-scale data analysis increasingly faces the challenge of achieving computational efficiency as well as statistical accuracy, as classical statistically efficient methods often fall short in the first regard. In the context of testing monotonicity of a regression function, we propose FOMT (Fast and Optimal Monotonicity Test), a novel methodology tailored to meet these dual demands. FOMT employs a sparse collection of local tests, strategically generated at random, to detect violations of monotonicity scattered throughout the domain of the regression function. This sparsity enables significant computational efficiency, achieving sublinear runtime in most cases, and quasilinear runtime (i.e., linear up to a log factor) in the worst case. In contrast, existing statistically optimal tests typically require at least quadratic runtime. FOMT's statistical accuracy is achieved through the precise calibration of these local tests and their effective combination, ensuring both sensitivity to violations and control over false positives. More precisely, we show that FOMT separates the null and alternative hypotheses at minimax optimal rates over Hölder function classes of smoothness order in $(0,2]$. Further, when the smoothness is unknown, we introduce an adaptive version of FOMT, based on a modified Lepskii principle, which attains statistical optimality and meanwhile maintains the same computational complexity as if the intrinsic smoothness were known. Extensive simulations confirm the competitiveness and effectiveness of both FOMT and its adaptive variant.

math.ST↗

arXiv2025

Optimizing Library Usage and Browser Experience: Application to the New York Public Library

We tackle the challenge brought to urban library systems by the {holds system} -- which allows users to request books available at other branches to be transferred for local pickup. The holds system increases usage of the entire collection, at the expense of an in-person browser's experience at the source branch. We study the optimization of usage and browser experience, where the library has two levers: where a book should come from when a hold request is placed, and how many book copies at each branch should be available through the holds system versus reserved for browsers. We first show that the problem of maximizing usage can be viewed through the lens of revenue management, for which near-optimal fulfillment policies exist. We then develop a simulation framework that further optimizes for browser experience, through book reservations. We empirically apply our methods to data from the New York Public Library to design implementable policies. We find that though a substantial trade-off exists between these two desiderata, a balanced policy can improve browser experience over the historical policy without significantly sacrificing usage. Because browser usage is more prevalent among branches in low-income areas, this policy further increases system-wide equity: notably, for branches in the 25% lowest-income neighborhoods, it improves both usage and browser experience by about 15%.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2025

C2PD: Continuity-Constrained Pixelwise Deformation for Guided Depth Super-Resolution

Guided depth super-resolution (GDSR) has demonstrated impressive performance across a wide range of domains, with numerous methods being proposed. However, existing methods often treat depth maps as images, where shading values are computed discretely, making them struggle to effectively restore the continuity inherent in the depth map. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that maximizes the utilization of spatial characteristics in depth, coupled with human abstract perception of real-world substance, by transforming the GDSR issue into deformation of a roughcast with ideal plasticity, which can be deformed by force like a continuous object. Specifically, we firstly designed a cross-modal operation, Continuity-constrained Asymmetrical Pixelwise Operation (CAPO), which can mimic the process of deforming an isovolumetrically flexible object through external forces. Utilizing CAPO as the fundamental component, we develop the Pixelwise Cross Gradient Deformation (PCGD), which is capable of emulating operations on ideal plastic objects (without volume constraint). Notably, our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art performance across four widely adopted benchmarks for GDSR, with significant advantages in large-scale tasks and generalizability.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2025

Extending Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to Plasma Studies: A novel and flexible plasma gun approach

The characterization of the electronic structure and chemical states of gases, solids, and liquids can be effectively performed using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). However, the acquisition of electronic and chemical information under plasma conditions poses significant challenges. In this study, we have developed an advanced experimental system capable of garnering electronic information amidst plasma environments, alongside providing detailed surface chemical states of samples subjected to plasma conditions. By designing a customized plasma generation apparatus, we successfully integrated it with a traditional AP-XPS system. This novel plasma-AP-XPS system confined plasma proximal to the sample area, with adjustable intensity parameters controlled by either modifying the distance between the plasma source and the sample surface or adjusting the voltage applied. This configuration permitted the direct detection of electrons in the plasma via the XPS electron detector. To substantiate the efficacy and versatility of this setup, it was applied to two distinct studies: the plasma etching of graphene and plasma oxidation of platinum (Pt). The investigations confirmed that argon (Ar) plasma facilitates the etching of graphene, a phenomenon clearly evidenced by the XPS spectra. Similarly, the exposure of the Pt surface to oxygen plasma was found to induce effective oxidation. This developed system significantly extends the utility of AP-XPS, enhancing its application for in-depth studies of plasma-enhanced reactions under operando conditions, thereby holding promise for the advancement in material science and chemical engineering fields.

physics.chem-ph↗

arXiv2025

On the Realized Joint Laplace Transform of Volatilities with Application to Test the Volatility Dependence

In this paper, we first investigate the estimation of the empirical joint Laplace transform of volatilities of two semi-martingales within a fixed time interval [0, T] by using overlapped increments of high-frequency data. The proposed estimator is robust to the presence of finite variation jumps in price processes. The related functional central limit theorem for the proposed estimator has been established. Compared with the estimator with non-overlapped increments, the estimator with overlapped increments improves the asymptotic estimation efficiency. Moreover, we study the asymptotic theory of estimator under a long-span setting and employ it to create a feasible test for the dependence between volatilities. Finally, simulation and empirical studies demonstrate the performance of proposed estimators.

math.ST↗