arXiv subjects

Zinaida Benenson

Publications and source records attributed to Zinaida Benenson.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Exploring Usability and Legal Practice: Insights from German Judicial Users of Digital Forensics

Digital forensics has become an integral part of modern criminal proceedings, yet its effective integration remains challenging because of increasing data volumes, evolving technologies, and complex interactions between technical and legal stakeholders. Although prior work has focused primarily on digital forensic tools and methods, its broader procedural and organizational context has received limited attention. Building on emerging perspectives inspired by usability research and human-centered security, we conceptualize digital forensics as part of a socio-technical system within criminal proceedings. We consequently investigate this perspective through a survey of 101 practitioners from the judiciary of the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, including public prosecutors, judges, and digital forensic experts. The results indicate a strong demand for improved integration of digital forensics into workflows, enhanced cross-domain communication, and a closer alignment of stakeholder expectations. They also uncover great potential for the improvement of digital forensics usability, e.g., through stronger interdisciplinary cooperation, easier and faster access to evidential data and results, or improvement of stakeholder training and education.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2025

"My Whereabouts, my Location, it's Directly Linked to my Physical Security": An Exploratory Qualitative Study of Location-Dependent Security and Privacy Perceptions among Activist Tech Users

Digital-safety research with at-risk users is particularly urgent. At-risk users are more likely to be digitally attacked or targeted by surveillance and could be disproportionately harmed by attacks that facilitate physical assaults. One group of such at-risk users are activists and politically active individuals. For them, as for other at-risk users, the rise of smart environments harbors new risks. Since digitization and datafication are no longer limited to a series of personal devices that can be switched on and off, but increasingly and continuously surround users, granular geolocation poses new safety challenges. Drawing on eight exploratory qualitative interviews of an ongoing research project, this contribution highlights what activists with powerful adversaries think about evermore data traces, including location data, and how they intend to deal with emerging risks. Responses of activists include attempts to control one's immediate technological surroundings and to more carefully manage device-related location data. For some activists, threat modeling has also shaped provider choices based on geopolitical considerations. Since many activists have not enough digital-safety knowledge for effective protection, feelings of insecurity and paranoia are widespread. Channeling the concerns and fears of our interlocutors, we call for more research on how activists can protect themselves against evermore fine-grained location data tracking.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2024

Strategies and Challenges of Timestamp Tampering for Improved Digital Forensic Event Reconstruction (extended version)

Timestamps play a pivotal role in digital forensic event reconstruction, but due to their non-essential nature, tampering or manipulation of timestamps is possible by users in multiple ways, even on running systems. This has a significant effect on the reliability of the results from applying a timeline analysis as part of an investigation. In this paper, we investigate the problem of users tampering with timestamps on a running (``live'') system. While prior work has shown that digital evidence tampering is hard, we focus on the question of \emph{why} this is so. By performing a qualitative user study with advanced university students, we observe, for example, a commonly applied multi-step approach in order to deal with second-order traces (traces of traces). We also derive factors that influence the reliability of successful tampering, such as the individual knowledge about temporal traces, and technical restrictions to change them. These insights help to assess the reliability of timestamps from individual artifacts that are relied on for event reconstruction and subsequently reduce the risk of incorrect event reconstruction during investigations.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

Experiencing Apple's Lockdown Mode -- The Challenges of Providing Technology for At-Risk Users

Lockdown Mode, introduced in 2022 as an optional security hardening setting for Apple's operating systems, aims to protect users from "some of the most sophisticated digital threats". We present the first academic analysis of Lockdown Mode based on a three-month autoethnographic study of its everyday use. Our findings show that Lockdown Mode does not adhere to most principles proposed by Matthews et al. (2025) for technologies supporting prevention and monitoring of digital threats for at-risk users. Apple provides limited information about the underlying threat model and affected functionality, making it difficult for at-risk users to understand and evaluate the tool. Usability challenges further highlight the need for more granular controls, while the high volume of notifications offers little support for attack detection and instead contributes to user annoyance. Although we consider Lockdown Mode an important step toward improving security, we believe Apple should integrate principles for technology used by at-risk users more fully.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

On NVD Users' Attitudes, Experiences, Hopes and Hurdles

The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) is a major vulnerability database that is free to use for everyone. It provides information about vulnerabilities and further useful resources such as linked advisories and patches. The NVD is often considered as the central source for vulnerability information and as a help to improve the resource-intensive process of vulnerability management. Although the NVD receives much public attention, little is known about its usage in vulnerability management, users' attitudes towards it and whether they encounter any problems during usage. We explored these questions using a preliminary interview study with seven people, and a follow-up survey with 71 participants. The results show that the NVD is consulted regularly and often aids decision making. Generally, users are positive about the NVD and perceive it as a helpful, clearly structured tool. But users also faced issues: missing or incorrect entries, incomplete descriptions or incomprehensible CVSS ratings. In order to identify the problems origins, we discussed the results with two senior NVD members. Many of the problems can be attributed to higher-level problems such as the CVE List or limited resources. Nevertheless, the NVD is working on improving existing problems.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

From Chaos to Consistency: The Role of CSAF in Streamlining Security Advisories

Security advisories have become an important part of vulnerability management. They can be used to gather and distribute valuable information about vulnerabilities. Although there is a predefined broad format for advisories, it is not really standardized. As a result, their content and form vary greatly depending on the vendor. Thus, it is cumbersome and resource-intensive for security analysts to extract the relevant information. The Common Security Advisory Format (CSAF) aims to bring security advisories into a standardized format which is intended to solve existing problems and to enable automated processing of the advisories. However, a new standard only makes sense if it can benefit users. Hence the questions arise: Do security advisories cause issues in their current state? Which of these issues is CSAF able to resolve? What is the current state of automation? To investigate these questions, we interviewed three security experts, and then conducted an online survey with 197 participants. The results show that problems exist and can often be traced back to confusing and inconsistent structures and formats. CSAF attempts to solve precisely these problems. However, our results show that CSAF is currently rarely used. Although users perceive automation as necessary to improve the processing of security advisories, many are at the same time skeptical. One of the main reasons is that systems are not yet designed for automation and a migration would require vast amounts of resources.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2024

Shedding Light on CVSS Scoring Inconsistencies: A User-Centric Study on Evaluating Widespread Security Vulnerabilities

The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a popular method for evaluating the severity of vulnerabilities in vulnerability management. In the evaluation process, a numeric score between 0 and 10 is calculated, 10 being the most severe (critical) value. The goal of CVSS is to provide comparable scores across different evaluators. However, previous works indicate that CVSS might not reach this goal: If a vulnerability is evaluated by several analysts, their scores often differ. This raises the following questions: Are CVSS evaluations consistent? Which factors influence CVSS assessments? We systematically investigate these questions in an online survey with 196 CVSS users. We show that specific CVSS metrics are inconsistently evaluated for widespread vulnerability types, including Top 3 vulnerabilities from the "2022 CWE Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Weaknesses" list. In a follow-up survey with 59 participants, we found that for the same vulnerabilities from the main study, 68% of these users gave different severity ratings. Our study reveals that most evaluators are aware of the problematic aspects of CVSS, but they still see CVSS as a useful tool for vulnerability assessment. Finally, we discuss possible reasons for inconsistent evaluations and provide recommendations on improving the consistency of scoring.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2020

Understanding Usability and User Acceptance of Usage-Based Insurance from Users' View

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) cover a variety of services related to topics such as traffic control and safe driving, among others. In the context of car insurance, a recent application for ITS is known as Usage-Based Insurance (UBI). UBI refers to car insurance policies that enable insurance companies to collect individual driving data using a telematics device. Collected data is analysed and used to offer individual discounts based on driving behaviour and to provide feedback on driving performance. Although there are plenty of advertising materials about the benefits of UBI, the user acceptance and the usability of UBI systems have not received research attention so far. To this end, we conduct two user studies: semi-structured interviews with UBI users and a qualitative analysis of 186 customer inquiries from a web forum of a German insurance company. We find that under certain circumstances, UBI provokes dangerous driving behaviour. These situations could be mitigated by making UBI transparent and the feedback customisable by drivers. Moreover, the country driving conditions, the policy conditions, and the perceived driving style influence UBI acceptance.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2019

Security Update Labels: Establishing Economic Incentives for Security Patching of IoT Consumer Products

With the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of security incidents due to insecure and misconfigured IoT devices is increasing. Especially on the consumer market, manufacturers focus on new features and early releases at the expense of a comprehensive security strategy. Hence, experts have started calling for regulation of the IoT consumer market, while policymakers are seeking for suitable regulatory approaches. We investigate how manufacturers can be incentivized to increase sustainable security efforts for IoT products. We propose mandatory security update labels that inform consumers during buying decisions about the willingness of the manufacturer to provide security updates in the future. Mandatory means that the labels explicitly state when security updates are not guaranteed. We conducted a user study with more than 1,400 participants to assess the importance of security update labels for the consumer choice by means of a conjoint analysis. The results show that the availability of security updates (until which date the updates are guaranteed) accounts for 8% to 35% impact on overall consumers' choice, depending on the perceived security risk of the product category. For products with a high perceived security risk, this availability is twice as important as other high-ranked product attributes. Moreover, provisioning time for security updates (how quickly the product will be patched after a vulnerability is discovered) additionally accounts for 7% to 25% impact on consumers' choices. The proposed labels are intuitively understood by consumers, do not require product assessments by third parties before release, and have a potential to incentivize manufacturers to provide sustainable security support.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2019

Sealed Computation: Abstract Requirements for Mechanisms to Support Trustworthy Cloud Computing

In cloud computing, data processing is delegated to a remote party for efficiency and flexibility reasons. A practical user requirement usually is that the confidentiality and integrity of data processing needs to be protected. In the common scenarios of cloud computing today, this can only be achieved by assuming that the remote party does not in any form act maliciously. In this paper, we propose an approach that avoids having to trust a single entity. Our approach is based on two concepts: (1) the technical abstraction of sealed computation, i.e., a technical mechanism to confine the processing of data within a tamper-proof hardware container, and (2) the additional role of an auditing party that itself cannot add functionality to the system but is able to check whether the system (including the mechanism for sealed computation) works as expected. We discuss the abstract technical and procedural requirements of these concepts and explain how they can be applied in practice.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2018

Exploring Security Economics in IoT Standardization Efforts

The Internet of Things (IoT) propagates the paradigm of interconnecting billions of heterogeneous devices by various manufacturers. To enable IoT applications, the communication between IoT devices follows specifications defined by standard developing organizations. In this paper, we present a case study that investigates disclosed insecurities of the popular IoT standard ZigBee, and derive general lessons about security economics in IoT standardization efforts. We discuss the motivation of IoT standardization efforts that are primarily driven from an economic perspective, in which large investments in security are not considered necessary since the consumers do not reward them. Success at the market is achieved by being quick-to-market, providing functional features and offering easy integration for complementors. Nevertheless, manufacturers should not only consider economic reasons but also see their responsibility to protect humans and technological infrastructures from being threatened by insecure IoT products. In this context, we propose a number of recommendations to strengthen the security design in future IoT standardization efforts, ranging from the definition of a precise security model to the enforcement of an update policy.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2017

All Your Bulbs Are Belong to Us: Investigating the Current State of Security in Connected Lighting Systems

ZigBee Light Link (ZLL) is the low-power mesh network standard used by connected lighting systems, such as Philips Hue, Osram Lightify, and GE Link. These lighting systems are intended for residential use but also deployed in hotels, restaurants, and industrial buildings. In this paper, we investigate the current state of security in ZLL-based connected lighting systems. We extend the scope of known attacks by describing novel attack procedures to show that the ZLL standard is insecure by design. Using our penetration testing framework, we are able to take full control over all three systems mentioned above. Besides novel attack procedures, we also extend the intended wireless range of max. 2 meters for configuring a ZLL device to over 30 meters, thus making ZLL-based systems susceptible to war driving. We conclude with a discussion about the security needs of connected lighting systems and derive several lessons for Internet of Things security that can be learned from the insecure design of ZLL-based connected lighting systems.

cs.CR↗