arXiv subjects

Zuzanna Kocjan

Publications and source records attributed to Zuzanna Kocjan.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Shock-heated Away: The Impact of Radiative Cooling on Gas-Phase Transitions in Supernova Remnants

Supernova (SN) feedback plays a central role in regulating the structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) through the injection of energy and momentum. The amount of hot gas produced by a supernova is a key quantity that determines how efficiently SN feedback heats the ISM and drives mass exchange between its different gas phases, here defined as cold ($T < 10^3\, \mathrm{K}$), warm ($10^3\, \mathrm{K} < T < 2\times10^4\, \mathrm{K}$), and hot ($T > 2\times10^4\, \mathrm{K}$) gas. However, previous studies have reported discrepant amounts of hot gas formed under otherwise similar ambient conditions. To resolve these disagreements, we quantify the amount of hot gas produced by individual SN explosions using a suite of controlled simulations spanning a broad range of ISM environments that include both uniform and turbulent, multiphase backgrounds. We show that radiative cooling is a key factor regulating hot-gas production, and that differences in cooling efficiency can account for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature. We derive a simple predictive relation for the peak hot-gas mass attained during the evolution of a supernova remnant in terms of the mean ambient density, the initial phase distribution, and the efficiency of gas cooling, which we parameterize as the cooling time over a key temperature range of $10^{4.5}\,\mathrm{K} \lesssim T \lesssim 10^{5.1}\,\mathrm{K}$. Finally, using tracer particles, we distinguish the evaporation of cold and warm gas into the hot phase and derive physically motivated expressions for the evaporation efficiency. Our results provide simple, predictive relations for hot-gas production and phase transitions that can be incorporated into subgrid models of SN feedback in galaxy formation simulations.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

The Rhythm of the ISM: Tracing the Timescales of Gas Evolution and Star Formation across Galactic Environments

We investigate the physical origin of the star formation scaling relations between the gas depletion time, the star-forming gas mass fraction, and the gas surface density, $Σ_{\rm gas}$, on kiloparsec scales, all of which are the key ingredients of the observed Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. To elucidate these trends, we employ an analytical framework that explicitly connects these kiloparsec-scale properties to the timescales governing the rapid, continuous ISM gas cycle on the scales of individual star-forming regions, including the formation, dispersal, and local depletion of star-forming gas. Using a suite of idealized disk galaxy simulations spanning a range of environments from dwarf and Milky Way-mass systems to a gas-rich starburst analog, we measure the timescales of the gas cycle and relate them to the dynamical and turbulent properties of the interstellar medium (ISM). We find that star-forming regions form on a timescale close to the vertical turbulent crossing time of the galactic disk, $\sim$3-30 Myr, which decreases at higher $Σ_{\rm gas}$ due to the increase in turbulent velocities in the ISM and the decrease in the disk thickness. In contrast, the local star formation and dispersal of such gas are set by the local conditions. Specifically, the local depletion time, $\sim$200-2000 Myr, is decreasing at higher $Σ_{\rm gas}$, as star-forming gas becomes denser and more efficient in forming stars. The lifetime of such gas is very short, $\sim$0.4-1 Myr, and only weakly increases with $Σ_{\rm gas}$. Together, our results demonstrate how the star formation properties of galaxies on kiloparsec scales emerge directly from the interplay between the galaxy-scale dynamics, ISM turbulence, and the state of star-forming gas.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Picture an Astronomer: Best Practices for Retaining Talent in Astrophysics

Women are consistently underrepresented in astrophysics yet are simultaneously subject to disproportionate attrition at every career stage. This disparity between demonstrated efficacy in job performance and ultimate career outcome was the primary motivation for the Picture an Astronomer series, which included both targeted public outreach to increase representation of women in astrophysics and high-level, solution-oriented discussions among professional astronomers. In March 2025, more than 200 astronomers came together in a hybrid-format symposium focused on the state of the field for female scientists, combining scientific exchange with discussions of policies and practices to strengthen retention of talent in the field. This white paper is the result of those discussions, offering a wide range of recommendations developed in the context of gendered attrition in astrophysics but which ultimately support a healthier climate for all scientists alike.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2024

Hot gas accretion fuels star formation faster than cold accretion in high redshift galaxies

We use high-resolution ($\simeq$ 35pc) hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation to investigate the relation between gas accretion and star formation in galaxies hosted by dark matter haloes of mass $10^{12}$ $\mathrm{M_\odot}$ at $z = 2$. At high redshift, cold-accreted gas is expected to be readily available for star formation, while gas accreted in a hot mode is expected to require a longer time to cool down before being able to form stars. Contrary to these expectations, we find that the majority of cold-accreted gas takes several hundred Myr longer to form stars than hot-accreted gas after it reaches the inner circumgalactic medium (CGM). Approximately 10% of the cold-accreted gas flows rapidly through the inner CGM onto the galactic disc. The remaining 90% is trapped in a turbulent accretion region that extends up to $\sim$ 50 per cent of the virial radius, from which it takes several hundred Myr for the gas to be transported to the star-forming disc. In contrast, most hot shock-heated gas avoids this 'slow track', and accretes directly from the CGM onto the disc where stars can form. We find that shock-heating of cold gas after accretion in the inner CGM and supernova-driven outflows contribute to, but do not fully explain, the delay in star formation. These processes combined slow down the delivery of cold-accreted gas to the galactic disc and consequently limit the rate of star formation in Milky Way mass galaxies at $z > 2$.

astro-ph.GA↗