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Exact time-dependent solutions of Einstein's gravitational field equation for a spherical mass moving with arbitrarily high constant velocity are derived and analyzed. The threshold conditions required for gravitational repulsion of particles at rest are determined as a function of source speed and field strength and particle position.
In this paper, it is shown why Lorentz Transformation implies the general case where observed events are not necessarily in the inertia frame of any observer but assumes a special scenario when determining the length contraction and time dilation factors. It is shown that this limitation has led to mathematical and physical inconsistencies. The paper explains the conditions for a successful theory of time dilation and length contraction, and provides a simple proof to a new generalized transformation of coordinate systems as the only possible solution that meets those conditions. It discusses inconsistencies of Lorentz Transformation, and shows how the new generalized transformation resolves those apparent inconsistencies. The new transformation agrees with Special Relativity on its conclusions of time dilation and space contraction, and yields the same law of addition of velocities as proposed in Lorentz Transformation.
The off-site continuums are proposed for the cosmological models of the galaxies and the Universe. It is shown that many visual properties of galaxies and the Universe may be described on frames of the off-site continuums methodology. In cosmological scale, the appearance of off-site objects is quite similar to the influence of the 'dark matter' and the 'dark energy'. Analogies to known relic radiation also look through. It is discussed few possible models of galaxies and the Universe. Such point of view may appear useful for the investigation of conceptual problems of modern cosmology.
The phenomenon of unipolar induction consists in generating electric field by uniformly rotating permanent magnets made of either conducting or dielectric substance. The origin of the field around conducting magnets is explained and calculated in Sect. 1. Dielectrics are considered in Sect. 2, where the role of the electric moment due to moving magnetic dipole moment is clarified. Sect. 3 is devoted to the description of the effect in the corotating frame of reference. In Sect. 4 the theory is applied to the Earth core and it is shown that the calculated electric field falls precisely into the range of the ambient electric field observed in the Tethered Satellite System mission of NASA. In the last paragraph I reflect on whether flyby anomaly might be attributed to an electric effect.
For over a century physicists have sought a mathematical theory that unites the dual, wave and corpuscle, behaviors that light exhibits. In the early twentieth century H. Bateman was studying a solution that uses wave functions with singularities to mark light quanta location in space and time as potential singularities do for material particles. He published an incomplete, mathematically obtuse paper applying his scheme to presciently predict synchrotron rays well before they were experimentally observed. Here, I clarify the presentation in Bateman's paper and supply a missing demonstration that it does predict results observed nearly four decades later.
The derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation starting from the Liouville equation using projector techniques yields a friction term which is nonlinear in the velocity. As has been explained in the 1. version of this paper, when the second-order part of the term is non-zero, this leads to an incorrect formula for the equation. In this 2. version, it is shown that the problem is due to an inadequate treatment of one of the correlation functions appearing . Repeating the calculation leads to zero second-order part. The Navier-Stokes equation is correctly derived by projection operator technique.
The paper discusses the influences of velocity curl and field strength on some theorems in the electromagnetic field and gravitational field. With the characteristics of the algebra of quaternions, the theorem of linear momentum, conservation of linear momentum, and conservation of angular momentum etc. can be deduced from the quaternionic definitions of physical quantities. And the strength of gravitational field and electromagnetic field have an influence on some theorems directly. While the velocity curl has an effect on some theorems also.
Proteins have been empirically linked to memory. If memory relates to protein structure, then each conformation would_functionally_ code only one bit, making it difficult to explain large memories. Nor is there a simple way to relate memory to protein dynamics on current molecular dynamics (MD), which is memoryless. Here we point out that MD may be modified to involve memory ab initio without any new hypothesis: simply replace the electrostatic (Coulomb) force by the electrodynamic force--which is more accurate. We now need to solve functional differential equations (FDEs), instead of the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) currently solved in MD. Unlike ODEs, retarded FDEs are history-dependent: so memory is already present even at the level of interacting sites within molecules. The resulting increase in computational complexity is within the reach of current computers. While Amdahl's law does pose a challenge to parallelised time-stepping with this model, the compute-intensive part--the force calculation--may still be carried out in parallel. Thus, reformulating MD to use FDEs is feasible, and this could help to understand the possible dynamical basis of memory.
In this article the concept of mass is analyzed based on the special and general relativity theories and particle (quantum) physics. The mass of a particle (m=E(0)/c^2) is determined by the minimum (rest) energy to create that particle which is invariant under Lorentz transformations. The mass of a bound particle in the any field is described by m<E80)/c^2 and for free particles in the non-relativistic case the relation m=E/c^2 is valid. This relation is not correct in general, and it is wrong to apply it to the radiation and fields. In atoms or nuclei (i.e. if the energies are quantized) the mass of the particles changes discretely. In non-relativistic cases, mass can be considered as a measure of gravitation and inertia.
Doppler shift observations of spacecraft, such as Galileo, NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta and MESSENGER in earth flybys, have all revealed unexplained speed `anomalies' - that the doppler-shift determined speeds are inconsistent with expected speeds. Here it is shown that these speed anomalies are not real and are actually the result of using an incorrect relationship between the observed doppler shift and the speed of the spacecraft - a relationship based on the assumption that the speed of light is isotropic in all frames, i.e. invariant. Taking account of the repeatedly measured light-speed anisotropy the anomalies are resolved. The Pioneer 10/11 anomalies are discussed, but not resolved. The spacecraft observations demonstrate again that the speed of light is not invariant, and is isotropic only with respect to a dynamical 3-space. The existing doppler shift data also offers a resource to characterise a new form of gravitational waves, the dynamical 3-space turbulence, that has also been detected by other techniques.
This paper ("Two-Level Chromophore and Irreversibility", which can be found at arXiv:0804.0086) has been withdrawn by the author due to too many errors and misleading statements. This paper has been superseded by Section 2.11 and Chapter 7 (and other sections) of my Ph.D. dissertation ("Pressure Broadening and Pressure Shift of Diatomic Iodine at 675 nm"), which can be found at arXiv:0910.5053.
Following a prior paper, we review the results for the energy and angular momentum of a Kerr-Newman black hole, and then calculate the same properties for the case of a generalised rotating dilaton of the type derived, without rotation, by Garfinkle, Horowitz, and Strominger (1991; 1992). We show that there is, as far as it refers only to the energy and angular momentum, an interaction among the fields, so that, the gravitational and electromagnetic fields may be obscured by the strength of the scalar field.
The temperatures in different zones in the world do not show significant changes due to El-Nino except when measured in a restricted area in the Pacific Ocean. We find, in contrast, that the dynamics of a climate network based on the same temperature records in various geographical zones in the world is significantly influenced by El-Nino. During El-Nino many links of the network are broken, and the number of surviving links comprises a specific and sensitive measure for El-Nino events. While during non El-Nino periods these links which represent correlations between temperatures in different sites are more stable, fast fluctuations of the correlations observed during El-Nino periods cause the links to break.
First, it is shown that the creation of the spinless ion pairs in the lattice, which are hold by the binding with neighbor ion pairs together regarded as covalent. These ion pairs are created by the repulsive potential interaction of two ions which is bound as linear oscillator. The repulsive S-wave scattering between ion pairs and electrons is transformed to the attractive effective interaction between electrons which leads to a creation of electron pairs by a binding energy depending on the condensate fraction of ion pairs $\frac{N_0}{N}$. In this respect, the absence of ion pairs in the condensate destroys a binding energy of electron pairs and in turn so-called superconductimg phase. As new result presented theory is that the number of the superconducting bosons is not changed in the superconducting phase.
In this paper, we study the reliability of BCS theory as a scientific explanation of the mystery of superconductivity. It is shown clearly that the phonon-mediated BCS theory is fundamentally incorrect. Two kinds of glues, pairing (pseudogap) glue and superconducting glue, are suggested based on a real space Coulomb confinement effect. The scenarios provide a unified explanation of the pairing symmetry, pseudogap and superconducting states, charge stripe order, spin density wave (SDW), checkerboard-type charge-ordered phase, magic doping fractions and vortex structures in conventional and unconventional (the high-Tc cuprates and MgB2) superconductors. The theory agrees with the existence of a pseudogap in high-temperature superconductors, while no pseudogap feature could be observed in MgB2 and most of the conventional superconductors. Our results indicate that the superconducting phase can coexist with a inclined hexagonal vortex lattice in pure MgB2 single crystal with a charge carrier density ps=1.49*10^{22}/cm^{3}. Finally, the physical reasons why the good conductors (for example, Ag, Au, and Cu) and the overdoped high-Tc superconductors are non-superconducting are also explored.
In the present discussion Background Independent framework of Quantum Mechanics and its possible implications in the studies of gravity and Physics at short distance are addressed. The expression of the metric of quantum state space $g_{μν}$ which is intrinsically a quantized quantity, is identified in terms of Compton wavelength as: $[<\partial_μψ\mid\partial_νψ> - <\partial_μψ\midψ> <ψ\mid\partial_νψ>] = 1 / \lambdabar_C^2 (=m_0^2c^2 / \hbar^2})$. The discussion also sheds light on the notion of neighborhood in quantum evolution, and various constraints on the possibilities of smallness of distance in the quantum mechanical limits.
An empirically validated, phenomenological model relating the parameters of an astronomical body to the stochastic fluctuations of its granular components is generalized in terms of fractal scaling laws. The mass of the particle constituting the preponderance of the mass of a typical galaxy is determined from the generalized model as a function of the fractal dimension. For a fractal dimension between 1 and 3 the mass of the dominant particle in galaxies is, roughly, between the Planck mass and 1eV. If the dimension is near 2 then the fractal model is identical to the original stochastic model, and the mass of the dominant particle must be of order near the nucleon mass. Two additional expressions for the mass of the dominant particle in the universe are obtained from basic quantum considerations and from the existence of a cosmological constant. It follows that the fractal dimension 2 is favored and that the mass of the dominant particle is proportional to sixth root of the cosmological constant and of order near the nucleon mass.
This paper uses products of distributions to obtain new junction conditions for relativistic shocks. In general, the shock is accompanied by a surface layer, and the new conditions generalize both Taub's jump conditions for shocks, and those of Israel and Kuchar for surface layers. In the non-relativistic limit, the surface layer is present only when the fluid is viscous or thermally conducting--a situation where the classical Rankine-Hugoniot conditions do not apply. Thus, our conditions properly extend all previous conditions, and provide complete Cauchy data needed to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations downstream of the shock. Since the associative law fails for our product, the residual uncertainty regarding the association of factors must be eliminated empirically. This is equivalent to fixing the correct initial_form_ of the equations (such as the ``conservation form'' in the Euler case)