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arXiv2013

Coordinate-choice independent expression for drift orbit flux and flux-force relation in neoclassical toroidal viscosity theory

A coordinate-choice independent expression does not depend how the magnetic surface is parametrized by (θ,ζ). Flux-force relation in neoclassical toroidal viscosity(NTV) theory has been generalized in a coordinate-choice independent way. The expression for the surface averaged drift orbit flux in 1/νregime is derived without the requirement of straight field line coordinates. The resulted formula is insensitive to how the magnetic surface is parametrized and broadens the cases where flux-force relation can be applied. Construction of straight field line coordinates is avoided when the formula is used for numerical computation.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Formation and Dynamics of Vortex Structures in Pure and Gas-Discharge Nonneutral Collisionless Electron Plasmas

The comparative analysis of the results of experimental investigations of the processes of formation, interaction and dynamics of vortex structures in pure electron and gas-discharge electron nonneutral plasmas taking place for the period of time much less than the electron-neutral collision time has been given. The general processes of formation and behavior of vortex structures in these two plasmas were considered. The phenomena, taking place only in one of these plasmas were also considered. It is shown that the existing difference in behavior of vortex structures is caused by different initial states of nonneutral electron plasmas. The role of vortex structures in the processes taking place in nonneutral electron plasma is discussed.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Charge state distribution analysis of Al and Pb ions from the laser ion source at IMP

A prototype laser ion source that could demonstrate the possibility of producing intense pulsed high charge state ion beams has been established with a commercial Nd:YAG laser (E max = 3 J, 1064 nm, 8-10 ns) to produce laser plasma for the research of Laser Ion Source (LIS). At the laser ion source test bench, high purity (99.998 %) aluminum and lead targets have been tested for laser plasma experiment. An Electrostatic Ion Analyzer (EIA) and Electron Multiply Tube (EMT) detector were used to analyze the charge state and energy distribution of the ions produced by the laser ion source. The maximum charge states of Al12+ and Pb7+ were achieved. The results will be presented and discussed in this paper.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Continuum Hamiltonian Hopf Bifurcation II

Building on the development of [MOR13], bifurcation of unstable modes that emerge from continuous spectra in a class of infinite-dimensional noncanonical Hamiltonian systems is investigated. Of main interest is a bifurcation termed the continuum Hamiltonian Hopf (CHH) bifurcation, which is an infinite-dimensional analog of the usual Hamiltonian Hopf (HH) bifurcation. Necessary notions pertaining to spectra, structural stability, signature of the continuous spectra, and normal forms are described. The theory developed is applicable to a wide class of 2+1 noncanonical Hamiltonian matter models, but the specific example of the Vlasov-Poisson system linearized about homogeneous (spatially independent) equilibria is treated in detail. For this example, structural (in)stability is established in an appropriate functional analytic setting, and two kinds of bifurcations are considered, one at infinite and one at finite wavenumber. After defining and describing the notion of dynamical accessibility, Kreĭn-like theorems regarding signature and bifurcation are proven. In addition, a canonical Hamiltonian example, composed of a negative energy oscillator coupled to a heat bath, is treated and our development is compared to pervious work in this context. A careful counting of eigenvalues, with and without symmetry, is undertaken, leading to the definition of a degenerate continuum steady state (CSS) bifurcation. It is described how the CHH and CSS bifurcations can be viewed as linear normal forms associated with the nonlinear single-wave model described in [BAL13], which is a companion to the present work and that of [MOR13].

math-ph↗

arXiv2013

Pulsed DEMO design assessment studies

Now that ITER is under construction, interest is increasing in the specification and design of the successor machine, a Demonstration Power Plant (DEMO), which in Europe is coordinated by the EFDA Power Plant Physics and Technology programme. This paper summarises the work carried out for EFDA in 2011-2012 on design issues pertinent to a pulsed version of DEMO, intended to be implemented with little or no extrapolation of technology available today. The work was carried out by the Euratom Fusion Associations CCFE, CEA, CRPP, ENEA and KIT, and in addition to a review of recent relevant literature addressed systems code analyses (pulse length vs. size), erosion of plasma facing components, thermomechanical fatigue in the blanket and first wall, a range of energy storage issues, and fatigue life improvements in Nb3Sn CICC superconductors.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Dynamical Process of Liner Implosion in the Electromagnetic Flux Compression for Ultra-high Magnetic Fields

The spatial distribution of magnetic fields that are generated by the electromagnetic flux compression technique is investigated, with emphasis on the dynamical processes of an imploding liner. By comparing with the results of computer simulations, we found that the non-uniform implosion of a liner is important in order to explain the magnetic field's distribution during the liner's implosion. In addition, our results suggest that the initial inwards compressing spool-like motion of the liner subsequently turns out to be outwards stretching barrel-like motion along the magnetic field axis.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Soliton solution of the Zakharov equations in quantum plasmas

We investigate the existence of envelope soliton solutions in collisionless quantum plasmas, using the quantum-corrected Zakharov equations in the kinetic case, which describes the interaction between high frequency Langmuir waves and low frequency plasma density variations. We show the role played by quantum effects in the nonlinearity/dispersion balance leading to the formation of soliton solutions of the quantum-corrected nonlinear Schrodinger (QNLS) equation.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Analytic Origin of Advection of Magnetic Fields by Diffusivity Gradients

We derive the advection of magnetic fields due to gradients in magnetic diffusivity, starting from the magnetic induction equation. We discuss physical examples, and compare our results to those in the literature. Our induction and diffusion equations may be useful in solar dynamo studies, and for space and laboratory plasmas.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Electron-acoustic solitary pulses and double layers in multi-component plasmas

We consider the nonlinear propagation of finite amplitude electron-acoustic waves (EAWs) in multi-component plasmas composed of two distinct groups of electrons (cold and hot components), and non-isothermal ions. We use the continuity and momentum equations for cold inertial electrons, Boltzmann law for inertialess hot electrons, non-isothermal density distribution for hot ions, and Poisson's equation to derive an energy integral with a modified Sagdeev potential (MSP) for nonlinear EAWs. The MSP is analyzed to demonstrate the existence of arbitrary amplitude EA solitary pulses (EASPs) and EA double layers (EA-DLs). Small amplitude limits have also been considered and analytical results for EASPs and EA-DLs are presented. The implication of our results to space and laboratory plasmas is briely discussed.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2014

Positron acceleration in a hollow plasma channel up to TeV regime

We propose a plasma-based high-energy lepton accelerator, in which a weakly focusing plasma structure is formed near the beam axis. The structure preserves the emittance of the accelerated beam and produces low radiation losses. Moreover, the structure allows for a considerable decrease of the witness energy spread at the driver depletion stage.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Improving computational efficiency of Monte-Carlo simulations with variance reduction

CCFE perform Monte-Carlo transport simulations on large and complex tokamak models such as ITER. Such simulations are challenging since streaming and deep penetration effects are equally important. In order to make such simulations tractable, both variance reduction (VR) techniques and parallel computing are used. It has been found that the application of VR techniques in such models significantly reduces the efficiency of parallel computation due to 'long histories'. VR in MCNP can be accomplished using energy-dependent weight windows. The weight window represents an 'average behaviour' of particles, and large deviations in the arriving weight of a particle give rise to extreme amounts of splitting being performed and a long history. When running on parallel clusters, a long history can have a detrimental effect on the parallel efficiency - if one process is computing the long history, the other CPUs complete their batch of histories and wait idle. Furthermore some long histories have been found to be effectively intractable. To combat this effect, CCFE has developed an adaptation of MCNP which dynamically adjusts the WW where a large weight deviation is encountered. The method effectively 'de-optimises' the WW, reducing the VR performance but this is offset by a significant increase in parallel efficiency. Testing with a simple geometry has shown the method does not bias the result. This 'long history method' has enabled CCFE to significantly improve the performance of MCNP calculations for ITER on parallel clusters, and will be beneficial for any geometry combining streaming and deep penetration effects.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Simulation of an Axial Vircator

An algorithm of particle-in-cell simulations is described and tested to aid further the actual design of simple vircators working on axially symmetric modes. The methods of correction of the numerical solution, have been chosen and jointly tested, allow the stable simulation of the fast nonlinear multiflow dynamics of virtual cathode formation and evolution, as well as the fields generated by the virtual cathode. The selected combination of the correction methods can be straightforwardly generalized to the case of axially nonsymmetric modes, while the parameters of these correction methods can be widely used to improve an agreement between the simulation predictions and the experimental data.

physics.acc-ph↗

arXiv2014

An Anti-Perfect Dynamo Result

It is shown that if the flow vector is a coordinate basis vector, then perfect dynamo action is not possible, regardless of whether the steady flow is compressible. Criteria determining the basis vector property are found to be expressible in terms of Lie derivatives, and construction of basis vector sets is straightforward.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2014

Geometric Results for Compressible Magnetohydrodynamics

Recently, compressible magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) has been elegantly formulated in terms of Lie derivatives. This paper exploits the geometrical properties of the Lie bracket to give new insights into the properties of compressible MHD behaviour, both with and without feedback of the magnetic field on the flow. These results are expected to be useful for the solution of MHD equations in both tokamak fusion experiments and space plasmas.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Extension of gyrokinetics to transport time scales

Gyrokinetic simulations have greatly improved our theoretical understanding of turbulent transport in fusion devices. Most gyrokinetic models in use are delta-f simulations in which the slowly varying radial profiles of density and temperature are assumed to be constant for turbulence saturation times, and only the turbulent electromagnetic fluctuations are calculated. New massive simulations are being built to self-consistently determine the radial profiles of density and temperature. However, these new codes have failed to realize that modern gyrokinetic formulations, composed of a gyrokinetic Fokker-Planck equation and a gyrokinetic quasineutrality equation, are only valid for delta-f simulations that do not reach the longer transport time scales necessary to evolve radial profiles. In tokamaks, due to axisymmetry, the evolution of the axisymmetric radial electric field is a challenging problem requiring substantial modifications to gyrokinetic treatments. In this thesis, I study the effect of turbulence on the global electric field and plasma flows. By studying the current conservation equation, or vorticity equation, I prove that the long wavelength, axisymmetric flow must remain neoclassical and I show that the tokamak is intrinsically ambipolar, i.e., the radial current is zero to a very high order for any long wavelength radial electric field. Intrinsic ambipolarity is the origin of the problems with the modern gyrokinetic approach since the lower order gyrokinetic quasineutrality (if properly evaluated) is effectively independent of the radial electric field. I propose a new gyrokinetic formalism to solve for the global radial electric field.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2013

Quantum Hydrodynamics

Quantum plasma physics is a rapidly evolving research field with a very inter-disciplinary scope of potential applications, ranging from nano-scale science in condensed matter to the vast scales of astrophysical objects. The theoretical description of quantum plasmas relies on various approaches, microscopic or macroscopic, some of which have obvious relation to classical plasma models. The appropriate model should, in principle, incorporate the quantum mechanical effects such as diffraction, spin statistics and correlations, operative on the relevant scales. However, first-principle approaches such as quantum Monte Carlo and density functional theory or quantum-statistical methods such as quantum kinetic theory or non-equilibrium Green's functions require substantial theoretical and computational efforts. Therefore, for selected problems, alternative simpler methods have been put forward. In particular, the collective behavior of many-body systems is usually described within a self-consistent scheme of particles and fields on the mean-field level. In classical plasmas, further simplifications are achieved by a transition to hydrodynamic equations. % Similar fluid-type descriptions for quantum plasmas have been proposed and widely used in the recent decade. This chapter is devoted to an overview of the main concepts of quantum hydrodynamics (QHD), thereby critically analyzing its validity range and its main limitations. Furthermore, the results of the linearized QHD in unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas and a few nonlinear solutions are examined with illustrations. The basic concepts and formulation of particle-particle interactions are also reviewed at the end, indicating their possible consequences in quantum many-body problems.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2014

Variational Formulation of Macro-Particle Models for Electromagnetic Plasma Simulations

A variational method is used to derive a self-consistent macro-particle model for relativistic electromagnetic kinetic plasma simulations. Extending earlier work [E. G. Evstatiev and B. A. Shadwick, J. Comput. Phys., vol. 245, pp. 376-398, 2013], the discretization of the electromagnetic Low Lagrangian is performed via a reduction of the phase-space distribution function onto a collection of finite-sized macro-particles of arbitrary shape and discretization of field quantities onto a spatial grid. This approach may be used with both lab frame coordinates or moving window coordinates; the latter can greatly improve computational efficiency for studying some types of laser-plasma interactions. The primary advantage of the variational approach is the preservation of Lagrangian symmetries, which in our case leads to energy conservation and thus avoids difficulties with grid heating. Additionally, this approach decouples particle size from grid spacing and relaxes restrictions on particle shape, leading to low numerical noise. The variational approach also guarantees consistent approximations in the equations of motion and is amenable to higher order methods in both space and time. We restrict our attention to the 1-1/2 dimensional case (one coordinate and two momenta). Simulations are performed with the new models and demonstrate energy conservation and low noise.

physics.comp-ph↗

arXiv2013

Studying Complexity in Solar Wind Plasma During Shock Events. Part I: Nonextensive Tsallis Statistics

Novel results which reveal phase transition processes in the solar wind plasma during shock events are presented in this study which is the first part of a trilogy concerning the solar wind complexity. Solar wind plasma is a typical case of stochastic spatiotemporal distribution of physical magnitudes such as force fields (B, E) and matter fields (particle and current densities or bulk plasma distributions). The results of this study can be understood in the framework of modern theoretical concepts such as non-extensive statistical mechanics (Tsallis, 2009), fractal topology (Zelenyi and Milovanov, 2004), turbulence theory (Frisch,1996), strange dynamics (Zaslavsky, 2002), percolation theory (Milovanov, 1997), anomalous diffusion theory and anomalous transport theory (Milovanov, 2001), fractional dynamics (Tarasov, 2007) and non-equilibrium phase transition theory (Chang, 1992). This study shows clearly the non-extensive and non-Gaussian character of the solar wind plasma and the existence of multi-scale strong correlations from the microscopic to the macroscopic level. This result indicates the inefficiency of classical MHD or plasma statistical theories based on the classical central limit theorem to explain the complexity of the solar wind dynamics, since these theories include smooth and differentiable spatial-temporal functions (MHD theory) or Gaussian statistics (Boltzmann-Maxwell statistical mechanics). However, the results of this study indicate the presence of non-Gaussian non-extensive statistics with heavy tails probability distribution functions, which are related to the q-extension of central limit theorem.

nlin.CD↗