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Electronic and dynamical properties of CeRh$_{2}$As$_{2}$: Role of Rh$_{2}$As$_{2}$ layers and expected hidden orbital order

Recently discovered heavy fermion CeRh$_{2}$As$_{2}$ compound crystallizes in the nonsymmorphic $P4/nmm$ symmetry, which enables the occurrence of topological protection. Experimental results show that this material exhibits unusual behavior, which is manifested by the appearance of two superconducting phases. In this work, we uncover and discuss a role of Rh$_{2}$As$_{2}$ layers and their impact on the electronic and dynamical properties of the system. The location of Ce atoms between two non-equivalent layers allows for the realization of hidden orbital order. We point out that the electronic band structure around the Fermi level is associated mostly with Ce $4f$ and Rh $4d$ orbitals and suggest the occurrence of the Lifshitz transition induced by the external magnetic field. We discuss also the role played by the $f$--$d$ orbital hybridization in the electronic band structure.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Counterintuitive Consequence of Heating in Strongly-Driven Intrinsic-Junctions of Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$CaCu$_{2}$O$_{8+δ}$ Mesas

Anomalously high and sharp peaks in the conductance of intrinsic Josephson junctions in Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$CaCu$_{2}$O$_{8+δ}$ (Bi2212) mesas have been universally interpreted as superconducting energy gaps, but here we show they are a result of heating. This interpretation follows from a direct comparison to the equilibrium gap, $\mathit Δ$, measured in break junctions on similar Bi2212 crystals. As the dissipated power increases with a greater number of junctions in the mesa, the conductance peak abruptly sharpens and its voltage decreases to well below 2$\mathit Δ$. This sharpening, found in our experimental data, defies conventional intuition of heating effects on tunneling spectra, but it can be understood as an instability into a nonequilibrium two-phase coexistent state. The measured peak positions occur accurately within the voltage range that an S-shaped backbending is found in the {\it calculated} current-voltage curves for spatially {\it uniform} self-heating and that S-shape implies the potential for the uniform state to be unstable.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Anomalous doping effect on the superconducting state in CeCoIn$_5$ at high magnetic fields

We investigated the effect of electron and hole doping on the high-field low-temperature superconducting state in CeCoIn$_5$ by measuring specific heat of CeCo(In$_{\rm 1-x}$M$_{\rm x}$)$_5$ with M=Sn, Cd and Hg and $x$ up to 0.33% at temperatures down to 0.1\,K and fields up to 14\,T. Although both Cd- and Hg-doping (hole-doping) suppresses the zero-field $T_c$ monotonically, $H_{c2}$ increases with small amounts of doping and has a maximum around $x$=0.2% (M=Cd). On the other hand, with Sn-doping (electron-doping) both zero-field $T_c$ and $H_{c2}$ decrease monotonically. The critical temperature for the high-field low-temperature superconducting state (so called {\it Q}-state) correlates with $H_{c2}$ and $T_c$, which we interpret in support of the superconducting origin of this state.

cond-mat.str-el↗

The effect of varying Fe-content on transport properties of K intercalated iron selenide KxFe2-ySe2

We report the successful growth of high-quality single crystals of potassium intercalated iron selenide KxFe2-ySe2 by Bridgeman method. The effect of iron vacancies on transport properties was investigated by electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. With varying iron content, the system passes from semiconducting/insulating to superconducting state. Comparing with superconductivity, the anomalous "hump" effect in the normal state resistivity is much more sensitive to the iron deficiency. The electrical resistivity exhibits a perfect metallic behavior (R300K/R35K=42) for the sample with little iron vacancies. Our results suggest that the anomalous "hump" effect in the normal state resistivity may be due to the ordering process of the cation vacancies in this non-stoichiometric compound rather than magnetic/structure transition. A trace of superconductivity extending up to near 44 K was also detected in some crystals of KxFe2-ySe2, which has the highest Tc of the reported iron selenides.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Microstructure and Fe-vacancy ordering in the KFexSe2 superconducting system

Structural investigations by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on KFexSe2 with 1.5 \leq x \leq 1.8 have revealed a rich variety of microstructure phenomena, the KFe1.5Se2 crystal often shows a superstructure modulation along the [310] zone-axis direction, this superstructure can be well interpreted by the Fe-vacancy order within the a-b plane. Increase of Fe-concentration in the KFexSe2 materials could not only result in the appearance of superconductivity but also yield clear alternations of microstructure. Structural inhomogeneity, the complex superstructures and defect structures in the superconducting KFe1.8Se2 sample have been investigated based on the high-resolution TEM.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Block spin magnetism and metal-insulator transition in a two-dimensional Hubbard model with perfect vacancy superstructure

We study the phase diagram of a square lattice Hubbard model with a perfect vacancy superstructure. The model can be also defined on a new bipartite lattice with each building blocks consisting of a minimal square. The non-interacting model is exactly solved and a mid-band gap opens at the Fermi energy in the weak inter-block hopping regime. Increasing the Coulomb interaction will develop the Néel antiferromagnetic order with varying block spin moments. The metal-insulator transition with $U_{\rm MI}$ smaller than the one without vacancies occurs above the magnetic instability $U_{\rm M}$. The emergent intermediate magnetic metal phase develops substantially in the moderate inter-block hopping regime. Drastic increases in the ordered moment and gap magnitude on the verge of non-interacting band insulator signal a possible distinction between the magnetic semi-conductor and the Mott-insulator. The implications of these results for the recent discovered (A,Tl)$_{y}$Fe$_{2-x}$Se$_2$ compounds are discussed.

cond-mat.str-el↗

The pairing state in KFe2As2 studied by measurements of the magnetic vortex lattice

Understanding the mechanism and symmetry of electron pairing in iron-based superconductors represents an important challenge in condensed matter physics [1-3]. The observation of magnetic flux lines - "vortices" - in a superconductor can contribute to this issue, because the spatial variation of magnetic field reflects the pairing. Unlike many other iron pnictides, our KFe2As2 crystals have very weak vortex pinning, allowing small-angle-neutron-scattering (SANS) observations of the intrinsic vortex lattice (VL). We observe nearly isotropic hexagonal packing of vortices, without VL-symmetry transitions up to high fields along the fourfold c-axis of the crystals, indicating rather small anisotropy of the superconducting properties around this axis. This rules out gap nodes parallel to the c-axis, and thus d-wave and also anisotropic s-wave pairing [2, 3]. The strong temperature-dependence of the intensity down to T<<Tc indicates either widely different full gaps on different Fermi surface sheets, or nodal lines perpendicular to the axis.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Structural Evolution of One-dimensional Spin Ladder Compounds Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 with Ca doping and Related Hole Redistribution Evidence

Incommensurate crystal structures of spin ladder series Sr14-xCaxCu24O41 (x=3, 7, 11, 12.2) were characterized by powder neutron scattering method and refined using the superspace group Xmmm(00γ)ss0 (equivalent to superspace group Fmmm(0,0,1+γ)ss0); X stands for non-standard centering (0,0,0,0), (0,1/2,1/2,1/2), (1/2,1/2,0,0), (1/2,0,1/2,1/2)) with a modulated structure model. The Ca doping effects on the lattice parameters, atomic displacement, Cu-O distances, Cu-O bond angles and Cu bond valence sum were characterized. The refined results show that the CuO4 planar units in both chain and ladder sublattices become closer to square shape with an increase of Ca doping. The Cu bond valence sum calculation provided new evidence for the charge transfer from the chains to ladders (approximately 0.16 holes per Cu from x=0 to 12.2). The charge transfer was attributed to two different mechanisms: (a) the Cu-O bond distance shrinkage on the ladder; (b) increase of the interaction between two sublattices, resulting in Cu-O bonding between the chains and ladders. The low temperature structural refinement resulted in the similar conclusion, with a slight charge backflow to the chains.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Topological superconducting phases in disordered quantum wires with strong spin-orbit coupling

Zeeman fields can drive semiconductor quantum wires with strong spin-orbit coupling and in proximity to s-wave superconductors into a topological phase which supports end Majorana fermions and offers an attractive platform for realizing topological quantum information processing. Here, we investigate how potential disorder affects the topological phase by a combination of analytical and numerical approaches. Most prominently, we find that the robustness of the topological phase against disorder depends sensitively and non-monotonously on the Zeeman field applied to the wire.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Enhancement of the critical temperature in iron-pnictide superconductors by finite size effects

Recent experiments have shown that, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions, superconductivity in metallic nanostructures can be enhanced with respect to the bulk limit. Motivated by these results we study finite size effects (FSE) in an iron-pnictide superconductor. For realistic values of the bulk critical temperature Tc ~ 20-50K, we find that, in the nanoscale region L ~ 10 nm, Tc(L) has a complicated oscillating pattern as a function of the system size L. A substantial enhancement of Tc with respect to the bulk limit is observed for different boundary conditions, geometries and two microscopic models of superconductivity. Thermal fluctuations, which break long range order, are still small in this region. Finally we show that the differential conductance, an experimental observable, is also very sensitive to FSE.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Decay rates for topological memories encoded with Majorana fermions

Recently there have been numerous proposals to create Majorana zero modes in solid state heterojunctions, superconducting wires and optical lattices. Putatively the information stored in qubits constructed from these modes is protected from various forms of decoherence. Here we show that this is not the case. We present a generic method to study the effect of external perturbations on these modes. We focus on the case where there are no interactions between different Majorana modes either directly or through intermediary fermions. To quantify the rate of loss of the information stored in the Majorana modes we study the two-time correlators for qubits built from them. We analyze a generic gapped fermionic environment (bath) interacting via tunneling with different components of the qubit (different Majorana modes). We find that static (time-independent) perturbations are not harmful, and just lead to a depletion of the information stored that saturates in the long-time limit. On the other hand we find markedly different results for dynamic (time dependent) systems, with no coherence surviving in the long time limit. In particular we find that dephasing and energy fluctuations of the modes in the fermionic bath have adverse effects on the Majorana memories.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

Structural, Thermal, Magnetic and Electronic Transport Properties of the LaNi2(Ge{1-x}P{x})2 System

Polycrystalline samples of LaNi2(Ge{1-x}P{x})2 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1) were synthesized and their properties investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), heat capacity Cp, magnetic susceptibility chi, and electrical resistivity rho measurements versus temperature T. These compounds all crystallize in the body-centered-tetragonal ThCr2Si2-type structure. The rho(T) measurements indicate that all compositions in this system are metallic. The low-T Cp measurements yield a rather large Sommerfeld coefficient gamma = 12.4(2) mJ/mol K^2 for x = 0 reflecting a large density of states at the Fermi energy that is comparable with the largest values found for the AFe2As2 class of materials with the same crystal structure. The gamma decreases approximately linearly with x to 7.4(1) mJ/mol K^2 for x = 1. The chi measurements show nearly temperature-independent paramagnetic behavior across the entire range of compositions except for LaNi2Ge2, where a broad peak is observed at 300 K from chi(T) measurements up to 1000 K that may arise from short-range antiferromagnetic correlations in a quasi-two-dimensional magnetic system. High-accuracy Pade approximants representing the Debye lattice heat capacity and Bloch-Gruneisen electron-phonon resistivity functions versus T are presented and are used to analyze our experimental Cp(T) and rho(T) data, respectively. The T-dependences of rho for all samples are well-described by the Bloch-Gruneisen model, although the observed rho(300 K) values are larger than calculated from this model. A significant T-dependence of the Debye temperature determined from the Cp(T) data was observed for each composition. No clear evidence for bulk superconductivity or any other long-range phase transition was found for any of the compositions studied.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

A Mott Glass to Superfluid Transition for Random Bosons in Two Dimensions

We study the zero temperature superfluid-insulator transition for a two-dimensional model of interacting, lattice bosons in the presence of quenched disorder and particle-hole symmetry. We follow the approach of a recent series of papers by Altman, Kafri, Polkovnikov, and Refael, in which the strong disorder renormalization group is used to study disordered bosons in one dimension. Adapting this method to two dimensions, we study several different species of disorder and uncover universal features of the superfluid-insulator transition. In particular, we locate an unstable finite disorder fixed point that governs the transition between the superfluid and a gapless, glassy insulator. We present numerical evidence that this glassy phase is the incompressible Mott glass and that the transition from this phase to the superfluid is driven by percolation-type process. Finally, we provide estimates of the critical exponents governing this transition.

cond-mat.dis-nn↗

Fermi surface topology and low-lying electronic structure of a new iron-based superconductor Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5

We report a first study of low energy electronic structure and Fermi surface topology for the recently discovered iron-based superconductor Ca10(Pt3As8)(Fe2As2)5 (the 10-3-8 phase, with Tc = 8K), via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Despite its triclinic crystal structure, ARPES results reveal a fourfold symmetric band structure with the absence of Dirac-cone-like Fermi dots (related to magnetism) found around the Brillouin zone corners in other iron-based superconductors. Considering that the triclinic lattice and structural supercell arising from the Pt3As8 intermediary layers, these results indicate that those layers couple only weakly to the FeAs layers in this new superconductor, which has implications for the determination of its potentially novel pairing mechanism.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Volovik effect on NMR measurements of unconventional superconuctors

We studied the Volovik effect on the NMR measurements of the two unconventional superconducting (SC) states, the d-wave and $\pm$s-wave states. We showed the generic field dependencies of the spin-lattice relaxation rate $1/T_1$ and Knight shift $K$ at low temperature limit in the pure cases as: $1/T_1 \propto H \log H$, $K \propto \sqrt{H}$ for the d-wave, and $1/T_1 \propto H$, $K \propto H$ for the $\pm$s-wave state, respectively. Performing numerical calculations we showed that these generic power laws survive for the good part of low field region with the realistic amount of impurities. We also found that the Volovik effect acts as an equivalent pair breaker as the unitary impurity scattering, hence induces the same temperature evolutions on $1/T_1$ and $K$, respectively, as the unitary impurities in both SC states. This finding implies that the Volovik effect should always be taken into account for the analysis of the NMR measurements in the mixed state.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Hybridization gap versus hidden order gap in URu$_2$Si$_2$ as revealed by optical spectroscopy

We present the in-plane optical reflectance measurement on single crystals of URu$_2$As$_2$. The study revealed a strong temperature-dependent spectral evolution. Above 50 K, the low frequency optical conductivity is rather flat without a clear Drude-like response, indicating a very short transport life time of the free carriers. Well below the coherence temperature, there appears an abrupt spectral weight suppression below 400 cm$^{-1}$, yielding evidence for the formation of a hybridization energy gap arising from the mixing of the conduction electron and narrow f-electron bands. A small part of the suppressed spectral weight was transferred to the low frequency side, leading to a narrow Drude component, while the majority of the suppressed spectral weight was transferred to the high frequency side centered near 4000 cm$^{-1}$. Below the hidden order temperature, another very prominent energy gap structure was observed, which leads to the removal of a large part of the Drude component and a sharp reduction of the carrier scattering rate. The study revealed that the hybridization gap and the hidden orger gap are distinctly different: they occur at different energy scales and exhibit completely different spectral characteristics.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Reply to Comment by E. Babaev and M. Silaev, arXiv:1105.3756

The criticism of Babaev and Silaev notwithstanding, we conclude that our analysis is correct. We have found in our papers on two-band superconductors close to Tc, where the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory applies, that these materials are characterized by a single order parameter, governed by a single correlation length. In the GL domain, the order parameters of individual bands are proportional to each other. This happens due to the unavoidable inter-band Josephson coupling. Consequently, in the regime where the GL theory applies, these systems are either type-I or type-II superconductors with no room for so called "1.5-type" superconductivity. This conclusion does not mean that at lower temperatures, outside of the GL domain, the inter-vortex interaction cannot have interesting properties, however, the latter cannot be addressed with the standard GL formalism.

cond-mat.supr-con↗

Comment on: "Vortex-assisted photon count and their magnetic field dependence in single-photon superconducting detectors" by L.N. Bulaevskii, M.J. Graf and V.G. Kogan, Phys. Rev. B 85, 014505 (2012)

In this Comment we show that the statements made in PRB85, 014505 (2012) regarding our work (PRL 100, 227007 (2008))) are incorrect because they result from model artifacts. We address the issues neglected in PRB85, 014505 (2012) and discuss their importance for a more consistent theory of thermally-activated hoping of vortices in thin films and the interpretation of experimental data.

cond-mat.supr-con↗