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arXiv2009

Knowledge linkage structures in communication studies using citation analysis among communication journals

This research analyzes a "who cites whom" matrix in terms of aggregated, journal-journal citations to determine the location of communication studies on the academic spectrum. Using the Journal of Communication as the seed journal, the 2006 data in the Journal Citation Reports are used to map communication studies. The results show that social and experimental psychology journals are the most frequently used sources of information in this field. In addition, several journals devoted to the use and effects of media and advertising are weakly integrated into the larger communication research community, whereas communication studies are dominated by American journals.

cs.DL↗
arXiv2009

Computation Speed of the F.A.S.T. Model

The F.A.S.T. model for microscopic simulation of pedestrians was formulated with the idea of parallelizability and small computation times in general in mind, but so far it was never demonstrated, if it can in fact be implemented efficiently for execution on a multi-core or multi-CPU system. In this contribution results are given on computation times for the F.A.S.T. model on an eight-core PC.

cs.MA↗
arXiv2009

Environment and Planning B as a Journal: The interdisciplinarity of its environment and the citation impact

The citation impact of Environment and Planning B can be visualized using its citation relations with journals in its environment as the links of a network. The size of the nodes is varied in correspondence to the relative citation impact in this environment. Additionally, one can correct for the effect of within-journal "self"-citations. The network can be partitioned and clustered using algorithms from social network analysis. After transposing the matrix in terms of rows and columns, the citing patterns can be mapped analogously. Citing patterns reflect the activity of the community of authors who publish in the journal, while being cited indicates reception. Environment and Planning B is cited across the interface between the social sciences and the natural sciences, but its authors cite almost exclusively from the domain of the Social Science Citation Index.

cs.DL↗
arXiv2009

Automated words stability and languages phylogeny

The idea of measuring distance between languages seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville (D'Urville 1832). He collected comparative words lists of various languages during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific, he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation among languages. The method used by modern glottochronology, developed by Morris Swadesh in the 1950s (Swadesh 1952), measures distances from the percentage of shared cognates, which are words with a common historical origin. Recently, we proposed a new automated method which uses normalized Levenshtein distance among words with the same meaning and averages on the words contained in a list. Another classical problem in glottochronology is the study of the stability of words corresponding to different meanings. Words, in fact, evolve because of lexical changes, borrowings and replacement at a rate which is not the same for all of them. The speed of lexical evolution is different for different meanings and it is probably related to the frequency of use of the associated words (Pagel et al. 2007). This problem is tackled here by an automated methodology only based on normalized Levenshtein distance.

cs.CL↗
arXiv2009

Science shops: A kaleidoscope of science-society collaborations in Europe

The science-shop model was initiated in the Netherlands in the 1970s. During the 1980s, the model spread throughout Europe, but without much coordination. The crucial idea behind the science shops involves a working relationship between knowledge-producing institutions like universities and citizen groups that need answers to relevant questions. More recently, the European Commission has funded a number of projects for taking stock of the results of science shops. Twenty-one in-depth case studies by seven science shops across Europe enable us to draw some conclusions about the variety of experiences in terms of differences among disciplines, nations, and formats of the historical institutionalization. The functions of science shops in the mediation of normative concerns with analytical perspectives can further be specified.

physics.soc-ph↗
arXiv2010

Opinion Dynamics with Decaying Confidence: Application to Community Detection in Graphs

We study a class of discrete-time multi-agent systems modelling opinion dynamics with decaying confidence. We consider a network of agents where each agent has an opinion. At each time step, the agents exchange their opinion with their neighbors and update it by taking into account only the opinions that differ from their own less than some confidence bound. This confidence bound is decaying: an agent gives repetitively confidence only to its neighbors that approach sufficiently fast its opinion. Essentially, the agents try to reach an agreement with the constraint that it has to be approached no slower than a prescribed convergence rate. Under that constraint, global consensus may not be achieved and only local agreements may be reached. The agents reaching a local agreement form communities inside the network. In this paper, we analyze this opinion dynamics model: we show that communities correspond to asymptotically connected component of the network and give an algebraic characterization of communities in terms of eigenvalues of the matrix defining the collective dynamics. Finally, we apply our opinion dynamics model to address the problem of community detection in graphs. We propose a new formulation of the community detection problem based on eigenvalues of normalized Laplacian matrix of graphs and show that this problem can be solved using our opinion dynamics model. We consider three examples of networks, and compare the communities we detect with those obtained by existing algorithms based on modularity optimization. We show that our opinion dynamics model not only provides an appealing approach to community detection but that it is also effective.

math.OC↗
arXiv2009

Interactions Among Agent Variables and Evolution of Social Clusters

In this paper, we first review some basic concepts associated with a model for social interaction previously proposed by us. Each agent is seen as an array of variables that can be found in different states. The agents are then allowed to interact and form groups based on their variables. We discuss how spin-glass type physics may be appropriate for our model. Several types of variables and costs associated with flipping the variables are discussed. Then some simple graphs are presented to understand the formation of various levels of identities within social clusters. In the end, we analyze events from the French revolution and the Russian revolution to to understand how different variables and identities interact within a hierarchical social structure.

physics.soc-ph↗
arXiv2010

The Communication of Meaning and the Structuration of Expectations: Giddens' "structuration theory" and Luhmann's "self-organization"

The communication of meaning as different from (Shannon-type) information is central to Luhmann's social systems theory and Giddens' structuration theory of action. These theories share an emphasis on reflexivity, but focus on meaning along a divide between inter-human communication and intentful action as two different systems of reference. Recombining these two theories into a theory about the structuration of expectations, interactions, organization, and self-organization of intentional communications can be simulated based on algorithms from the computation of anticipatory systems. The self-organizing and organizing layers remain rooted in the double contingency of the human encounter which provides the variation. Organization and self-organization of communication are reflexive upon and therefore reconstructive of each other. Using mutual information in three dimensions, the imprint of meaning processing in the modeling system on the historical organization of uncertainty in the modeled system can be measured. This is shown empirically in the case of intellectual organization as "structurating" structure in the textual domain of scientific articles.

cs.CY↗
arXiv2009

Organization and Complexity in a Nested Hierarchical Spin-Glass like Social Space

In this paper, we mathematically formulate the interaction and dynamics of a hierarchical complex social system where each agent is seen as an array of many variables. The formation of identities and modifications can be studied by using interaction physics in an energy landscape. The spin glass Hamiltonian is modified to suit our needs in light of complexity. The expression of variables subject to weights and topology is considered. Interactions within the same hierarchy level as well as the effect of one hierarchy level on another are studied. The effect of having many variables associated with a single agent brings about interesting dynamics. The persistence of the identity units subject to stiffness, continuous changes and also sudden reorganizations is discussed.

physics.soc-ph↗
arXiv2019

Spectral Ranking

We sketch the history of spectral ranking, a general umbrella name for techniques that apply the theory of linear maps (in particular, eigenvalues and eigenvectors) to matrices that do not represent geometric transformations, but rather some kind of relationship between entities. Albeit recently made famous by the ample press coverage of Google's PageRank algorithm, spectral ranking was devised more than a century ago, and has been studied in tournament ranking, psychology, social sciences, bibliometrics, economy and choice theory. We describe the contribution given by previous scholars in precise and modern mathematical terms: along the way, we show how to express in a general way damped rankings, such as Katz's index, as dominant eigenvectors of perturbed matrices, and then use results on the Drazin inverse to go back to the dominant eigenvectors by a limit process. The result suggests a regularized definition of spectral ranking that yields for a general matrix a unique vector depending on a boundary condition.

cs.IR↗
arXiv2009

Robustness of Regular Graphs Based on Natural Connectivity

It has been recently proposed that the natural connectivity can be used to characterize efficiently the robustness of complex networks. The natural connectivity quantifies the redundancy of alternative routes in the network by evaluating the weighted number of closed walks of all lengths and can be seen as an average eigenvalue obtained from the graph spectrum. In this paper, we explore both analytically and numerically the natural connectivity of regular ring lattices and regular random graphs obtained through degree-preserving random rewirings from regular ring lattices. We reformulate the natural connectivity of regular ring lattices in terms of generalized Bessel functions and show that the natural connectivity of regular ring lattices is independent of network size and increases with monotonically. We also show that random regular graphs have lower natural connectivity, and are thus less robust, than regular ring lattices.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗
arXiv2009

Tremor price dynamics in the world's network of stock exchanges

We use insight from a model of earth tectonic plate movement to obtain a new understanding of the build up and release of stress in the price dynamics of the worlds stock exchanges. Nonlinearity enters the model due to a behavioral attribute of humans reacting disproportionately to big changes. This nonlinear response allows us to classify price movements of a given stock index as either being generated due to specific economic news for the country in question, or by the ensemble of the worlds stock exchanges reacting together like a complex system. Similar in structure to the Capital Asset Pricing Model in Finance, the model predicts how an individual stock exchange should be priced in terms of the performance of the global market of exchanges, but with human behavioral characteristics included in the pricing. A number of the models assumptions are validated against empirical data for 24 of the worlds leading stock exchanges. We show how treshold effects can lead to synchronization in the global network of stock exchanges.

q-fin.GN↗
arXiv2010

3D Corporate Tourism: A Concept for Innovation in Nanomaterials Engineering

Nature's materials are complex, multifunctional, hierarchical and responsive and in most instances functionality on the nanoscale is combined with performance on the macroscale. Materials engineers have just started to produce complex nanomaterials. Biomimicry and biomimetics deal with knowledge transfer from nature to technology. Inspired by the 'Biomimicry and Design Workshops' and the 'Biomimicry Innovation Method' by the US based Biomimicry Guild, '3D Corporate Tourism', a solution based approach to innovation in nanomaterials research, is proposed. The three main pillars of this integrated concept are discover, develop and design. Biologists, research and development engineers as well as designers jointly work in an environment with high inspirational potential and construct first prototypes and designs on site. This joint approach yields new links, networks and collaborations between communities of thinkers in different countries in order to stimulate and enhance creative and application oriented problem solving for society.

physics.bio-ph↗
arXiv2010

Positive interactions and the emergence of community structure in metacommunities

The significant role of space in maintaining species coexistence and determining community structure and function is well established. However, community ecology studies have mainly focused on simple competition and predation systems, and the relative impact of positive interspecific interactions in shaping communities in a spatial context is not well understood. Here we employ a spatially explicit metacommunity model to investigate the effect of local dispersal on the structure and function of communities in which species are linked through an interaction web comprising mutualism, competition and exploitation. Our results show that function, diversity and interspecific interactions of locally linked communities undergo a phase transition with changes in the rate of species dispersal. We find that low spatial interconnectedness favors the spontaneous emergence of strongly mutualistic communities which are more stable but less productive and diverse. On the other hand, high spatial interconnectedness promotes local biodiversity at the expense of local stability and supports communities with a wide range of interspecific interactions. We argue that investigations of the relationship between spatial processes and the self-organization of complex interaction webs are critical to understanding the geographic structure of interactions in real landscapes.

q-bio.PE↗
arXiv2010

Excluded Volume Effect in Queueing Theory

We have introduced excluded volume effect, which is an important factor to model a realistic pedestrian queue, into queueing theory. The probability distributions of pedestrian number and pedestrian waiting time in a queue have been calculated exactly. Due to time needed to close up the queue, the mean number of pedestrians increases as pedestrian arrival probability ($λ$) and leaving probability ($μ$) increase even if the ratio between them (i.e., $ρ=λ/μ$) remains constant. Furthermore, at a given $ρ$, the mean waiting time does not increase monotonically with the service time (which is inverse to $μ$), a minimum could be reached instead.

physics.soc-ph↗