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The extension of Dirac's LNH to cover cosmological and fine-structure time-varying "constants", and the rotation of the Universe, is here analysed, including a "derivation" of the angular speed of the present Universe, and of the inflationary phase. Criticizable points on the present calculation, are clarified.
The paper discusses impact of the velocity curl on some conservation laws in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field, by means of the characteristics of quaternions. When the velocity curl can not be neglected, it will cause the predictions to departure slightly from the conservation laws, which include mass continuity equation, charge continuity equation, and conservation of spin, etc. And the scalar potential of gravitational field has an effect on the speed of light, the conservation of mass, and conservation of charge, etc. The results explain how the velocity curl influences some conservation laws in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field.
Gauge transformations are potential transformations that leave only specific Maxwell fields invariant. To reveal more, I develop Lorenz field equations with full Maxwell form for nongauge, sans gauge function, transformations yielding mixed, superposed retarded and outgoing, potentials. The form invariant Lorenz condition is then a charge conservation equivalent. This allows me to define three transformation classes that screen for Lorenz relevance. The nongauge Lorentz conditions add polarization fields which support emergent, light-like rays that convey energy on charge conserving phase points. These localized rays escape discovery in modern Maxwell fields where the polarizations are suppressed by gauge transformations.
We show that from historical record and mathematic analysis, "fractal expressions" may have been a conscious pursuit at least one thousand years ago as an element of beauty in ancient Chinese calligraphy.
Recently E. Harrison has argued the Red Shift distance law proposed by Hubble and velocity-distance law developed later on theoretical grounds has no general proof demonstrating the two laws are actually equivalent. It is the purpose of this paper to account for the nebular redshift law of Hubble based on two principles: 1) Spacetime motion and light dragging. 2) An overall spacetime index of refraction based on Hubble's Constant.
Depending on the recent experiments and some new way of explaining electron we have developed here equations for velocities of different mode with the charge density. This includes as well how the charge-density can be distributed in the equatorial region with different velocities and observer-angles.
Nullification of the Einstein tensor curvature for the elementary material space with active gravitational field (radial source) and passive field distribution of its inertial particle (radial sink) maintains the conceptual equivalence of collinear active and passive energy-momentum densities of the nonlocal energy-matter carrier in General Relativity (GR). The Ricci scalar curvature in the Lagrangian for electron's material space is related to active and passive real mass densities with residual positive energy, while electromagnetic (EM) active and passive imaginary mass densities produce a traceless energy density. One four-potential in geometrical sink-source identities universally forms gravitational and electromagnetic fields of the complex mass current. EM vector equalities balance anti-collinear four flows of active and passive imaginary masses (called electric charges). Similar GR vector equalities take into account twin coupling of inseparable unlike mass densities existing due to the forth-coordinate symmetry, $ dt = |\pm idx^4/c|$, in the Minkowski four-interval. Two equal pseudo-coordinates $\pm ix^o\equiv \pm x^4 $ serve for equal unlike masses of the same inertial body that results in collinear active and passive four-currents of real masses with net energy-momentum for collisions and measurements. Couples of unlike twin masses can simultaneously radiate-absorb paired vector waves with zero-balanced Poynting flows for real-time observations in the two-body gravitational system. Such paired vector waves form tensor gravitons which cannot be screened by third bodies or intercepted by interferometers.
The objective of this paper is to share our enthusiasm for optical pumping experiments and to encourage their use in researches on practical physics. The experimental technique has been well developed and the apparatus sophisticated, but, by paying attention to a few details, reliable operation can be repeated. Some theoretical principles for optical pumping are also introduced and they can be demonstrated experimentally.
We estimate the temperature distribution in the rails of an electromagnetic rail gun (EMG) due to the confinement of the current in a narrow surface layer resulting from the skin effect. In order to obtain analytic results, we assume a simple geometry for the rails, an electromagnetic skin effect boundary edge that propagates with the accelerating armature, and a current carrying channel controlled by magnetic field diffusion into the rails. We compute the temperature distribution in the rails at the time that the armature leaves the rails. For the range of exit velocities, from 1500 m/s to 5000 m/s, we find the highest temperatures are near the gun breech. After a single gun firing, the temperature reaches the melting temperature of the metal rails in a layer of finite thickness near the surface of the rails, for rails made of copper or tantalum. We plot the thickness of the melt layer as a function of position along the rails. In all cases, the thickness of the melt layer increases with gun velocity, making damage to the gun rails more likely at higher velocity. We also calculate the efficiency of the EMG as a function of gun velocity and find that the efficiency increases with increasing velocity, but only if the length of the gun is sufficiently long. The thickness of the melted layer also decreases with increasing rail length. Therefore, there is a tradeoff: for rails of sufficient length, the gun efficiency increases with increasing velocity but the melted layer thickness in the rails also increases.
We discuss that there is a crucial contradiction within quantum mechanics. We derive a proposition concerning a quantum expectation value under the assumption of the existence of the directions in a spin-1/2 system. The quantum predictions within the formalism of von Neumann's projective measurement cannot coexist with the proposition concerning the existence of the directions. Therefore, we have to give up either the existence of the directions or the formalism of von Neumann's projective measurement. Hence there is a crucial contradiction within the Hilbert space formalism of the quantum theory. This implies that there is no axiomatic system for the quantum theory. This also reveals that we need new physical theories in order to explain the handing of raw experimental data. We discuss that this crucial contradiction makes the quantum-theoretical formulation of Deutsch's algorithm questionable.
We suggest that the eventual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter may be a key for understanding of the nature of dark matter and dark energy. If there is gravitational repulsion, virtual particle-antiparticle pairs in the vacuum, may be considered as gravitational dipoles. We use a simple toy model to reveal a first indication that the gravitational polarization of such a vacuum, caused by baryonic matter in a Galaxy, may produce the same effect as supposed existence of dark matter. In addition, we argue that cancellation of gravitational charges in virtual particle-antiparticle pairs, may be a basis for a solution of the cosmological constant problem and identification of dark energy with vacuum energy. Hence, it may be that dark matter and dark energy are not new, unknown forms of matter-energy but an effect of complex interaction between quantum vacuum and known baryonic matter.
In 2005, the Royal Society published a report titled "Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide". The report's principal conclusion-that average ocean pH could decrease by 0.5 units by 2100-is demonstrated here to be consistent with a linear extrapolation of very limited data. It is also shown that current understanding of ocean mixing, and of the relationship between pH and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, cannot justify such an extrapolation.
The phenomenon of the spontaneous electric polarization (ferro- and antiferroelectricity) is one of the fundamental problems of the solid-state physics. Although, there has been lot of experimental and theoretical progress, still needs to be made to understand the origine of the spontaneous electric polarization. A new microscopic theory that is based on the perfectly elastic electron-atom and atom-atom collisions, crystal structure and the chemical composition of the compounds is developed to calculate the critical temperatures for materials with spontaneous electric polarization. The reliability of this model was examined by comparing the experimental results with calculated values.
One of the most interesting properties of solid materials is the ability to form different collective quantum states, such as superconductivity and magnetic order. This paper presents a model of perfectly elastic collisions (p.e.c.) as the universal origin of these collective quantum states. The superb agreement between calculated values and experimental data for critical temperatures, moreover, the explanation of the isotope effect in superconductivity and magnetic order confirms that this model successfully describes these two quantum states.
The paper discusses some scalar invariants in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field by means of the characteristics of the quaternions. When we emphasize some definitions of quaternion physical quantities, the speed of light, mass density, energy density, power density, charge density, and spin magnetic moment density etc. will remain the same respectively in the gravitational and electromagnetic fields under the coordinate transformation. The results explain why there are some relationships among different invariants in the gravitational and electromagnetic fields.
In this paper the existence of the Higgs field is taken as an undeniable starting point. However, the origin of the field is challenged. Rather than ascribing the origin of it to a yet undiscovered phantom particle, the origin is ascribed directly to electromagnetic energy, in particular as magnetic charge next to electric charge of elementary pointlike particles. To this end two instruments are used. The first one is the transform of the Higgs field from a functional description into a spatial description, without changing the basic properties. The other instrument is the concept of the magnetic monopole, as introduced by Dirac. The two instruments appear to fit well together. The results of all of this is that electromagnetic energy on its own is the source of all mass. It implies that the search after the Higgs particle will remain fruitless. No other equations, apart from Maxwell's Equations and Dirac's Equation are required to express the fundamentals of quantum waves and quantum fields, which makes the disputed Klein Gordon Equation obsolete. The theory reveals an algorithm to explain the ratios between the lepton masses. In that sense the theory shows a predictive element, while grosso modo, as shown, no derogation is done to the results and instruments of canonic theory.
We review a work by M.Ninomiya and myself about a model for the initial state - i.e. which solution to the equations of motions - that is being realized. The to be realized solution is suggeted to be the one for which a certain number depending on the whole history of the development of the whole Unverse is minimal. This number is called "the imaginary part of the action" and since this article is meant to be somewhat popular the concept of an action is suggestively explained. At first the model of ours give too many miracles, but we believe to have argued that the number of miracles is drastically reduced so the model is not immediately excluded from having a chance of being true. A suggested miracle that has occured is the stopping by the US Congress of the large accelerator SSC under construction already in Texas. A similar bad fait is predicted for the soon to start accelerator LHC in Geneva! By translation submission it has still not started up to its proper energy per particle.
The relationship between the harmonic mean and special relativity is concisely elucidated. The arguments in favor and against SRT are explored. It is shown that the ratio of the speed of light to the harmonic mean of the onward and return speeds of light in a moving frame under Newtonian mechanics, when equitably distributed between space and time as a correction, leads to the Lorentz transformation. This correction implies an apparent contraction of objects and time dilation. However, the symmetry of the onward and inverse transformations give a different meaning to the gamma factor