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arXiv2013

Status report of the CERN microwave axion experiment

"Light Shining Through the Wall" experiments can probe the existence of "axion like particles" through their weak coupling to photons. We have adapted such an experiment to the microwave regime and constructed the table top apparatus. This work presents an overview of the experimental setup and then focuses on our latest measurement run and its results. By operating the apparatus within a superconducting MRI magnet, competitive exclusion limits for axion like particles to the first generation optical light shining through the wall experiments have been achieved.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Direct Timing Method for Longitudinal Coordinate Determination in Straws

The considering different technics of measuring the longitudinal coordinates by the drift tubes. It is shown that the determination of the longitudinal coordinate by the direct time method provides the best longitudinal resolution. The realization of this method enables the development of coordinate detectors based on the straw with two-dimensional readout, which can be fast enough and not very complex.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Break-up phenomena of liquid metal thin film induced by high electric current

The room temperature liquid metal related electronics has been found important in a wide variety of emerging areas over the past few years. However, its failure features under high electrical current densities are not clear until now. Here we show that a liquid metal thin film would break-up as the applied current increases to a critical magnitude. The break-up phenomenon is attributed to be caused by the so-called electromigration effect. This problem could be one of the major hurdles that must be tackled with caution in the research and application of future liquid metal film electronics.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2013

Irradiation Tests and Expected Performance of Readout Electronics of the ATLAS Hadronic Endcap Calorimeter for the HL-LHC

The readout electronics of the ATLAS Hadronic Endcap Calorimeter (HEC) will have to withstand an about 3-5 times larger radiation environment at the future high-luminosity LHC (HLLHC) compared to their design values. The preamplifier and summing boards (PSBs), which are equipped with GaAs ASICs and comprise the heart of the readout electronics, were irradiated with neutrons and protons with fluences surpassing several times ten years of operation of the HL-LHC. Neutron tests were performed at the NPI in Rez, Czech Republic, where a 36 MeV proton beam was directed on a thick heavy water target to produce neutrons. The proton irradiation was done with 200 MeV protons at the PROSCAN area of the Proton Irradiation Facility at the PSI in Villigen, Switzerland. In-situ measurements of S-parameters in both tests allow the evaluation of frequency dependent performance parameters, like gain and input impedance, as a function of fluence. The linearity of the ASIC response was measured directly in the neutron tests with a triangular input pulse of varying amplitude. The results obtained allow an estimation of the expected performance degradation of the HEC. For a possible replacement of the PSB chips, alternative technologies were investigated and exposed to similar neutron radiation levels. In particular, IHP 250 nm Si CMOS technology has turned out to show good performance and match the specifications required. The performance measurements of the current PSB devices, the expected performance degradations under HL-LHC conditions, and results from alternative technologies will be presented.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Printing out Particle Detectors with 3D-Printers, a Potentially Transformational Advance for HEP Instrumentation

This white paper suggests posing a "grand challenge" to the HEP instrumentation community, i.e. the aggressive development of additive manufacturing, also known as 3D-printing, for the production of particle detectors in collaboration with industry. This notion is an outcome of discussions within the instrumentation frontier group during the 2013 APS-DPF Snowmass summer study conducted by the U.S. HEP community. Improvements of current industrial 3D-printing capabilities by one to two orders of magnitude in terms of printing resolution, speed, and object size together with developing the ability to print composite materials could enable the production of any desired 3D detector structure directly from a digital model. Current industrial 3D-printing capabilities are briefly reviewed and contrasted with capabilities desired for printing detectors for particle physics, with micro-pattern gaseous detectors used as a first example. A significant impact on industrial technology could be expected if HEP were to partner with industry in taking on such a challenge.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Cluster SIMS Microscope Mode Mass Spectrometry Imaging

Microscope mode imaging for secondary ion mass spectrometry is a technique with the promise of simultaneous high spatial resolution and high speed imaging of biomolecules from complex surfaces. Technological developments such as new position-sensitive detectors, in combination with polyatomic primary ion sources, are required to exploit the full potential of microscope mode mass spectrometry imaging, i.e. to efficiently push the limits of ultra-high spatial resolution, sample throughput and sensitivity. In this work, a C60 primary source is combined with a commercial mass microscope for microscope mode secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. The detector setup is a pixelated detector from the Medipix/Timepix family with high-voltage post-acceleration capabilities. The mass spectral and imaging performance of the system is tested with various benchmark samples and thin tissue sections. We show that the high secondary ion yield (with respect to traditional monatomic primary ion sources) of the C60 primary ion source and the increased sensitivity of the high voltage detector setup improve microscope mode secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. The analysis time and the signal-to-noise ratio are improved compared to other microscope mode imaging systems, all at high spatial resolution. We have demonstrated the unique capabilities of a C60 ion microscope with a Timepix detector for high spatial resolution microscope mode secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Dynamical Process of Liner Implosion in the Electromagnetic Flux Compression for Ultra-high Magnetic Fields

The spatial distribution of magnetic fields that are generated by the electromagnetic flux compression technique is investigated, with emphasis on the dynamical processes of an imploding liner. By comparing with the results of computer simulations, we found that the non-uniform implosion of a liner is important in order to explain the magnetic field's distribution during the liner's implosion. In addition, our results suggest that the initial inwards compressing spool-like motion of the liner subsequently turns out to be outwards stretching barrel-like motion along the magnetic field axis.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Splashing phenomena of room temperature liquid metal droplet striking on the pool of the same liquid under ambient air environment

In this article, the fluid dynamics of room temperature liquid metal (RTLM) droplet impacting onto a pool of the same liquid in ambient air was investigated. A series of experiments were conducted in order to disclose the influence of the oxidation effect on the impact dynamics. The droplet shape and impact phenomenology were recorded with the aid of a high-speed digital camera. The impact energy stored in the splash structures was estimated via a theoretical model and several morphological parameters obtained from instantaneous images of the splash. It was observed that the droplet shape and the splashing morphology of RTLM were drastically different from those of water, so was the impact dynamics between room temperature LM pool and high temperature LM pool. The energy analysis disclosed that the height of the jet is highly sensitive to the viscosity of the fluid, which is subjected to the oxidation effect and temperature effect simultaneously, and thus perfectly explained the phenomena. These basic findings are important for the application of RTLM in a series of newly emerging technologies such as liquid metal based spray cooling, ink-jet printed electronics, interface material painting and coating, metallurgy, and 3D packages, etc.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2013

PGNAA neutron source moderation setup optimization

Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to design a prompt γ-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) thermal neutron output setup using MCNP5 computer code. In these simulations the moderator materials, reflective materials and structure of the PGNAA 252Cf neutrons of thermal neutron output setup were optimized. Results of the calcuations revealed that the thin layer paraffin and the thick layer of heavy water moderated effect is best for 252Cf neutrons spectrum. The new design compared with the conventional neutron source design, the thermal neutron flux and rate were increased by 3.02 times and 3.27 times. Results indicate that the use of this design should increase the neutron flux of prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis significantly.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Applications of Nanoparticles for Particle Physics: A Whitepaper for Snowmass 2013

The last decade has been the decade of nanotechnology, a length scale which is of particular interest since it is here that we see the transition from the classical to the quantum world. In this transition to the quantum regime new phenomena appear that have proven valuable in a wide range of applications. This whitepaper focusses on the simplest nanotechnology, the spherical nanoparticles and their possible application to particle physics.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

nuSTORM Project Definition Report

The objective of this Project Definition Report (PDR) is to document a possible solution for the conventional facilities required to house the nuSTORM experiment on the Fermilab site. It is recognized that this effort is done in support of obtaining DOE approval for Critical Decision Zero.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

On Variant Strategies To Solve The Magnitude Least Squares Optimization Problem In Parallel Transmission Pulse Design And Under Strict SAR And Power Constraints

Parallel transmission has been a very promising candidate technology to mitigate the inevitable radio-frequency field inhomogeneity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-high field (UHF). For the first few years, pulse design utilizing this technique was expressed as a least squares problem with crude power regularizations aimed at controlling the specific absorption rate (SAR), hence the patient safety. This approach being suboptimal for many applications sensitive mostly to the magnitude of the spin excitation, and not its phase, the magnitude least squares (MLS) problem then was first formulated in 2007. Despite its importance and the availability of other powerful numerical optimization methods, this problem yet has been faced exclusively by the pulse designer with the so-called variable exchange method. In this paper, we investigate other strategies and incorporate directly the strict SAR and hardware constraints. Different schemes such as sequential quadratic programming (SQP), interior point (I-P) methods, semi-definite programming (SDP) and magnitude squared least squares (MSLS) relaxations are studied both in the small and large tip angle regimes with real data sets obtained in-vivo on a human brain at 7 Tesla. Convergence and robustness of the different approaches are analyzed, and recommendations to tackle this specific problem are finally given. Small tip angle and inversion pulses are returned in a few seconds and in under a minute respectively while respecting the constraints, allowing the use of the proposed approach in routine.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

The CAPTAIN Detector and Physics Program

The Cryogenic Apparatus for Precision Tests of Argon Interactions with Neutrino (CAP- TAIN) program is designed to make measurements of scientific importance to long-baseline neutrino physics and physics topics that will be explored by large underground detectors. The CAPTAIN detector is a liquid argon TPC deployed in a portable and evacuable cryostat. Five tons of liquid argon are instrumented with a 2,000 channel liquid argon TPC and a photon detection system. Subsequent to the commissioning phase, the detector will collect data in a high-energy neutron beamline that is part of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to measure cross-sections of spallation products that are backgrounds to measurements of neutrinos from a supernova burst, cross-sections of events that mimic the electron neutrino appearance signal in long-baseline neutrino physics and neutron signatures to constrain neutrino energy reconstruction in LBNE's long-baseline program. Subsequent to the neutron running, the CAPTAIN detector will be moved to a neutrino source. Two possibilities are an on-axis run in the NuMI beamline at FNAL and a run in the neutrino source produced by the SNS. An on-axis run at NuMI produces more than one million events of interest in a two or three year run at neutrino energies between 1 and 10 GeV - complementary to the MicroBooNE experiment, which will measure similar interactions at a lower energy range - 0.5 to 2 GeV. At the SNS the neutrinos result from the decays stopped positively charged pions and muons yielding a broad spectrum up to 50 MeV. If located close to the spallation target, CAPTAIN can detect several thousand events per year in the same neutrino energy regime where neutrinos from a supernova burst are. Measurements at the SNS yield a first measurement of the cross- section of neutrinos on argon in this important energy regime.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Experimental measurement methods and data on irradiation of functional design materials by helium ions in linear accelerator

The experimental research on the irradiation of the functional design materials by the Helium ions in the linear accelerator is conducted. The experimental measurements techniques and data on the irradiation of the functional design materials by the Helium ions with the energy up to 4 MeV, including the detailed scheme of experimental measurements setup, are presented. The new design of accelerating structure of the IH-type such as POS-4, using the method of alternate-phase focusing with the step-by-step change of the synchronous phase along the focusing periods in a linear accelerator, is developed with the aim to irradiate the functional design materials by the Helium ions. The new design of the injector of the charged Helium ions with the energy of 120 KeV at the output of an accelerating tube and the accelerating structure of the type of POS-4 for the one time charged Helium ions acceleration in the linear accelerator are researched and developed. The special chamber for the irradiation of functional design materials by the Helium ions is also created. In the process of experiment, the temperature of a sample, the magnitude of current of Helium ions beam and the irradiation dose of sample are measured precisely. The experimental measurement setup and techniques are fully tested and optimized in the course of the research on the electro-physical properties of irradiated samples and the thermal-desorption of Helium ions in a wide range of temperatures

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2013

Tracking rare-isotope beams with microchannel plates

A system of two microchannel-plate detectors has been successfully implemented for tracking projectile-fragmentation beams. The detectors provide interaction positions, angles, and arrival times of ions at the reaction target. The current design is an adaptation of an assembly used for low-energy beams ($\sim$1.4 MeV/nucleon). In order to improve resolution in tracking high-energy heavy-ion beams, the magnetic field strength between the secondary-electron accelerating foil and the microchannel plate had to be increased substantially. Results from an experiment using a 37-MeV/nucleon ${}^{56}$Ni beam show that the tracking system can achieve sub-nanosecond timing resolution and a position resolution of $\sim$1 mm for beam intensities up to $5\times10^{5}$ pps.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

Gas Electron Multipliers versus Multiwire Proportional Chambers

Gas Electron Multiplication technology is finding more and more applications in beam instrumentation and at CERN these detectors have recently been adapted for use in transverse profile measurements at several of our facilities. In the experimental areas of CERN's Antiproton Decelerator, low energy Gas Electron Multipliers successfully replaced all Multwire Proportional Chambers in 2012 and another detector type has now been developed for high energy applications in the experimental areas of the SPS, totaling a potential of more than a hundred profile detectors to be replaced by GEM detectors of different types. This paper aims to describe the historical evolution of GEM technology by covering the many different applications but with specific focus on its potential to replace Multiwire Proportional Chambers for standard transverse profile measurement.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2013

CosMO - A Cosmic Muon Observer Experiment for Students

What are cosmic particles and where do they come from? These are questions which are not only fascinating for scientists in astrophysics. With the CosMO experiment (Cosmic Muon Observer) students can autonomously study these particles. They can perform their own hands-on experiments to become familiar with modern scientific working methods and to obtain a direct insight into astroparticle physics. In this contribution we present the experimental setup and possible measurements. The detector consists of three scintillator boxes. Events are triggered and read out by a data acquisition board developed for the QuarkNet Project. With a Python program running on a netbook under Linux, the trigger and data taking conditions can be defined. The program displays the particle rates in real-time and stores the data for offline analysis. Possible student experiments are the measurement of cosmic particle rates dependent on the zenith angle, the distribution of geometrical size of particle showers, and the lifetime of muons. Twenty CosMO detectors have been built at DESY. They are used within the German outreach network Netzwerk Teilchenwelt at 15 astroparticle-research institutes and universities for project work with students.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2013

Optimum performance investigation of LYSO crystal pixels: A comparison between GATE simulation and experimental data

Monte Carlo simulation plays an important role in the study of time of flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) prototype. As it can incorporate accurate physical modeling of scintillation detection process, from scintillation light generation, the transport of scintillation photos through the crystal(s), to the conversion of these photons into electronic signals. The Geant4 based simulation software GATE can provide a user-friendly simulation platform containing the properties needed. In this work, we developed a dedicated module in GATE simulation tool. Using this module, we simulated the light yield, energy resolution, time resolution of LYSO pixels with the same cross-section ($4\times4 mm^{2}$) of different lengths: 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, coupled to a PMT. The experiments were performed to validate the GATE simulation results. The results indicate that the best time resolution (484.0$\pm$67.5 ps) and energy resolution (13.3$\pm$0.4 %) could be produced by using pixel with length of 5 mm. The module can also be applied to other cases for precisely simulating optical photons propagating in scintillators.

physics.ins-det↗