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At least 397 records · Page 22Linked to original sources
arXiv2015

Airglow and magnetic field disturbances over Brazilian region during Chile tsunami (2015)

In this work, we present first report on disturbances over Brazilian atmosphere on 16--17 September, 2015 following the Chile tsunami occurrence. Using all-sky imager and magnetometer located at 2330 km away from the epicenter, the presence of disturbances is noted 1--3 hours after the tsunami beginning time and during time which seismic tremor was also felt in the region. We argue that their presence towards continent at 2000-3000 km away from the epicenter offers another example of similar atmospheric response as those observed during Tohoku-Oki tsunami, 2011. This similarity and their appearance during seismic tremor over the region classify them to be of tsunamigenic and/or seismogenic nature.

physics.space-ph↗
arXiv2015

Atmospheric aerosol light scattering and polarization peculiarities

This paper considers environmental problems of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric aerosol pollution and its global and regional monitoring. Efficient aerosol investigations may be achieved by spectropolarimetric measurements. Specifically second and fourth Stokes parameters spectral dependencies carry information on averaged refraction and absorption indexes and on particles size distribution functions characteristics.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2015

On the so-called rogue waves in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The mechanism of a rogue water wave is still unknown. One popular conjecture is that the Peregrine wave solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS) provides a mechanism. A Peregrine wave solution can be obtained by taking the infinite spatial period limit to the homoclinic solutions. In this article, from the perspective of the phase space structure of these homoclinic orbits in the infinite dimensional phase space where the NLS defines a dynamical system, we exam the observability of these homoclinic orbits (and their approximations). Our conclusion is that these approximate homoclinic orbits are the most observable solutions,and they should correspond to the most common deep ocean waves rather than the rare rogue waves. We also discuss other possibilities for the mechanism of a rogue wave: rough dependence on initial data or finite time blow up.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2016

Strong Scaling for Numerical Weather Prediction at Petascale with the Atmospheric Model NUMA

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) has proven to be computationally challenging due to its inherent multiscale nature. Currently, the highest resolution NWP models use a horizontal resolution of about 10km. In order to increase the resolution of NWP models highly scalable atmospheric models are needed. The Non-hydrostatic Unified Model of the Atmosphere (NUMA), developed by the authors at the Naval Postgraduate School, was designed to achieve this purpose. NUMA is used by the Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey as the engine inside its next generation weather prediction system NEPTUNE. NUMA solves the fully compressible Navier-Stokes equations by means of high-order Galerkin methods (both spectral element as well as discontinuous Galerkin methods can be used). Mesh generation is done using the p4est library. NUMA is capable of running middle and upper atmosphere simulations since it does not make use of the shallow-atmosphere approximation. This paper presents the performance analysis and optimization of the spectral element version of NUMA. The performance at different optimization stages is analyzed using a theoretical performance model as well as measurements via hardware counters. Machine independent optimization is compared to machine specific optimization using BG/Q vector intrinsics. By using vector intrinsics the main computations reach 1.2 PFlops on the entire machine Mira (12% of the theoretical peak performance). The paper also presents scalability studies for two idealized test cases that are relevant for NWP applications. The atmospheric model NUMA delivers an excellent strong scaling efficiency of 99% on the entire supercomputer Mira using a mesh with 1.8 billion grid points. This allows to run a global forecast of a baroclinic wave test case at 3km uniform horizontal resolution and double precision within the time frame required for operational weather prediction.

cs.DC↗
arXiv2015

Water Waves from General, Time-Dependent Surface Pressure Distribution in the Presence of a Shear Current

We obtain a general solution for the water waves resulting from a general, time-dependent surface pressure distribution, in the presence of a shear current of uniform vorticity beneath the surface, in three dimensions. Linearized governing equations and boundary conditions including the effects of gravity, a distributed external pressure disturbance, and constant finite depth, are solved analytically, and particular attention is paid to classic initial value problems: an initial pressure impulse and a steady pressure distribution which appears suddenly. In the present paper, good agreement with previous results is demonstrated. We subsequently show both analytically and numerically how transient waves from a suddenly appearing steady pressure distribution vanis for large times, and steady ship waves remain. The transient contribution to wave resistance was derived. The results show that a shear current has significant impact on the transient wave motions, resulting in asymmetry between upstream and downstream waves. The case of the suddenly appearing steady pressure is an intermediate case between ring waves and ship waves, starting out as the former and evolving gradually into the latter. The ship's direction of motion relative to the current is found to be crucial in determining how quickly effects of transient waves die out. Transient effects take much longer to doe out for a ship going against the shear flow than for one going downstream, when the two ships have the same velocity relative to the water surface. For ship motion against the shear current, thus, wave effects of transients, e.g., due to maneuvering could accumulate and be far more significant than on a uniform current.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2015

Real-time quadrature lock-in discrimination imaging through scattering media

Numerous everyday situations like navigation, medical imaging and rescue operations require viewing through optically inhomogeneous media. This is a challenging task as photons, instead of traversing ballistically, propagate predominantly diffusively due to random multiple scattering off the inhomogenieties. Imaging {\it in real-time} with ballistic light under continuous-wave illumination is even more challenging due to the extremely weak signal, necessitating voluminous data-processing. In this paper, we report imaging through strongly scattering media in real-time and at rates several times the critical flicker frequency of the eye, so that motion is perceived as continuous. Two factors contributed to the speedup of {\it more than three orders of magnitude} over conventional techniques - the use of a simplified algorithm enabling processing of data on the fly, and the utilisation of task and data parallelization capabilities of typical desktop computers. The extreme simplicity and low cost promises great utility of this technique. As an example, navigation under poor visibility is examined.

physics.optics↗
arXiv2016

Rotating turbulence under "precession-like" perturbation

The effects of changing the orientation of the rotation axis on homogeneous turbulence is considered. We perform direct numerical simulations on a periodic box of $1024^3$ grid points, where the orientation of the rotation axis is changed (a) at a fixed time instant (b) regularly at time intervals commensurate with the rotation time scale. The former is characterized by a dominant inverse energy cascade whereas in the latter, the inverse cascade is stymied due to the recurrent changes in the rotation axis resulting in a strong forward energy transfer and large scale structures that resemble those of isotropic turbulence.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2015

Role of anthropogenic direct heat emissions in global warming

The anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) are widely realized as the predominant drivers of global warming, but the huge and increasing anthropogenic direct heat emissions (AHE) has not gained enough attention in terms of its role in the warming of the climate system. Based on two reasonable assumptions of (1) AHE eventually transfers to the Earth energy system and (2) the net warming is only driven by the net radioactive forcing (RF) from either GHG or other causes, we analyzed the role of AHE in global warming. The mean annual total AHE of the four main sources including energy consumption, residual heat of electricity generation, biomass decomposition by land use and cover change (LUCC) and food consumption was estimated to be 4.41*10^20 J in 1970-2010, accounting for 6.23% of the net annual heat increase of the Earth reported by IPCC AR5 for the period. The mean annual radioactive forcing (RF) by AHE was up to 29.94 mW m^(-2) globally in 1981-2010, less than the annual net increase of total GHG (34.80 mW m^(-2)) but more that of CO2 (24.43 mW m^(-2). The results suggested that AHE played a great role in global warming, urging us to pay more attention to DHE for a better evaluation of RF and more reasonable energy policy including non-GHG energy in the future (Keywords: climate change, anthropogenic direct heat emission, energy, radioactive forcing, heat balance, global warming).

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2017

Effect of small floating disks on the propagation of gravity waves

A dispersion relation for gravity waves in water covered by disk-like impurities embedded in a viscous matrix is derived. The macroscopic equations are obtained by ensemble-averaging the fluid equations at the disk scale in the asymptotic limit of long waves and low disk surface fraction. Various regimes are identified depending on the disk radii and the thickness and viscosity of the top layer. Semi-quantitative analysis in the close-packing regime suggests dramatic modification of the dynamics, with orders of magnitude increase in wave damping and wave dispersion. A simplified model working in this regime is proposed. Possible applications to wave propagation in ice-covered ocean is discussed and comparison with field data is provided.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2016

A Stochastic Closure for Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics of Warm Clouds: Part I, Derivations

We propose a mathematical methodology to derive a stochastic parameterization of bulk warm cloud micro-physics properties. Unlike previous bulk parameterizations, the stochastic parameterization does not assume any particular droplet size distribution, all parameters have physical meanings which are recoverable from data, and the resultant parameterization has the flexibility to utilize a variety of collision kernels. Our strategy is a new two-fold approach to modelling the kinetic collection equation. Partitioning the droplet spectrum into cloud and rain aggregates, we represent droplet densities as the sum of a mean and a random fluctuation. Moreover, we use a Taylor approximation for the collision kernel which allows the resulting parameterization to be independent of the collision kernel. To address the two-moment closure for bulk microphysical equations, we represent the higher (third) order terms as points in an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck-like stochastic process. These higher order terms are aggregate number concentration, and aggregate mixing ratio, fluctuations and product fluctuations on regions of a 2D space of pre-collision droplets. This 2D space is naturally partitioned into four domains, each associated with a collision process: cloud and rain self-collection, auto-conversion, and accretion. The stochastic processes in the solution to the kinetic collection equation are defined as the sum of a mean and the product of a standard deviation and a random fluctuation. An order of magnitude argument on the temporal fluctuations of the evolving cloud properties eliminates the terms containing a standard deviation and a random fluctuation from the mean evolution equations. The remaining terms form a coupled set of ODE's without any ad-hoc parameters or any assumed droplet size distributions and flexible enough to accept any collision kernel without further derivations.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2016

Limited fetch revisited: comparison of wind input terms, in surface waves modeling

Results pertaining to numerical solutions of the Hasselmann kinetic equation (HE), for wind driven sea spectra, in the fetch limited geometry, are presented. Five versions of source functions, including the recently introduced ZRP model, have been studied, for the exact expression of Snl and high-frequency implicit dissipation, due to wave-breaking. Four of the five experiments were done in the absence of spectral peak dissipation for various Sin terms. They demonstrated the dominance of quadruplet wave-wave interaction, in the energy balance, and the formation of self-similar regimes, of unlimited wave energy growth, along the fetch. Between them was the ZRP model, which strongly agreed with dozens of field observations performed in the seas and lakes, since 1947. The fifth, the WAM3 wind input term experiment, used additional spectral peak dissipation and reproduced the results of a previous, similar, numerical simulation, but only supported the field experiments for moderate fetches, demonstrating a total energy saturation at half of that of the Pierson-Moscowits limit. The alternative framework for HE numerical simulation is proposed, along with a set of tests, allowing one to select physically-justified source terms.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2016

Transboundary Secondary Organic Aerosol in the Urban Air of Fukuoka, Japan

To understand the influence of transboundary secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the urban air of Fukuoka, we conducted simultaneous field studies in December 2010 and March 2012 on Fukue Island and in the city of Fukuoka, representing a rural and an urban sites of western Japan. During the studies, organic aerosol in PM1.0 was analyzed by aerosol mass spectrometers. Independently, airborne total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected on filters, and low-volatile water soluble organic carbon (LV-WSOC) extracted from the TSP samples was analyzed by an elemental analyzer coupled with a high precision isotope ratio mass spectrometer for its concentration and stable carbon isotope ratio (d13C). Plots of LV-WSOC concentrations versus m/z 44 concentrations for the study in December 2010 showed high correlations (r2 > 0.85), but different slopes between the two sites (0.58 microg microgC-1 at Fukuoka and 0.22 microg microgC-1 at Fukue), indicating additional contribution of m/z 44 from local sources. Because of this complex composition, evaluation of transboundary SOA was unsuccessful in this case study. In contrast, comparison of LV-WSOC concentrations with the m/z 44 concentrations during the study in March 2012 showed high correlations (r2 > 0.91) with similar slopes (0.3 microg microgC-1) at both sites, indicating predominance of transboundary LV-WSOC. Furthermore, the plot of d13C of LV-WSOC as a function of m/z 44 fraction showed a systematic increasing trend, indicating SOA. These findings suggest that the observed LV-WSOC and m/z 44 in the Fukuoka air were predominated by transboundary SOA in this case study.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2016

A novel flexible and modular energy storage system for near future Energy Banks

We considered a novel energy storage system based on the compression of air through pumped water. Differently from CAES on trial, the proposed indirect compression leaves the opportunity to choose the kind of compression from adiabatic to isothermal. The energy storage process could be both fast or slow leading to different configuration and applications. These novel storage system are modular and could be applied in different scales for different locations and applications, being very flexible in charge and discharge process. The system may offer an ideal energy buffer for wind and solar storage with no (or negligible) environment hazard. The main features of this novel energy storage system will be showed together with overall energy and power data.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2017

Early Detection of Rogue Waves Using Compressive Sensing

We discuss the possible usage of the compressive sampling for the early detection of rogue waves. One of the promising techniques for the early detection of the oceanic rogue waves is to measure the triangular Fourier spectra which begin to appear at the early stages of their development. For the early detection of the rogue waves it is possible to treat such a spectrum as a sparse signal since we would mainly be interested in the high amplitude triangular region located at the central wavenumber. Therefore compressive sampling can be a very efficient tool for the rogue wave early warning systems. Compressed measurements can be acquired by remote sensing techniques such as coherent SAR which measure the ocean surface envelope or by insitu techniques such as spectra measuring tools mounted on a ship hull or bottom mounted pressure gauges. By employing a numerical approach we show that triangular Fourier spectra can be sensed by compressive measurements at the early stages of the development of rogue waves such as those in the form of Peregrine and Akhmediev-Peregrine solitons. Our results may lead to development of the early warning hardware systems which use the compressive sampling thus the memory requirements for those systems can be greatly reduced.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2016

An extended Kundu-Eckhaus equation for modeling dynamics of rogue waves in a chaotic wave-current field

In this paper we propose an extended Kundu-Eckhaus equation (KEE) for modeling the dynamics of skewed rogue waves emerging in the vicinity of a wave blocking point due to opposing current. The equation we propose is a KEE with an additional potential term therefore the results presented in this paper can easily be generalized to study the quantum tunneling properties of the rogue waves and ultrashort (femtosecond) pulses of the KEE. In the frame of the extended KEE, we numerically show that the chaotic perturbations of the ocean current trigger the occurrence of the rogue waves on the ocean surface. We propose and implement a split-step scheme and show that the extended KEE that we propose is unstable against random chaotic perturbations in the current profile. These perturbations transform the monochromatic wave field into a chaotic sea state with many peaks. We numerically show that the shapes of rogue waves due to perturbations in the current profile closely follow the form of rational rogue wave solutions, especially for the central peak. We also discuss the effects of magnitude of the chaotic current perturbations on the statistics of the rogue wave occurrence.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2016

Experimental study of the initial growth of a localized turbulent patch in a stably stratified fluid

We present a laboratory experiment of the growth of a turbulent patch in a stably stratified fluid, due to a localized source of turbulence, generated by an oscillating grid. Synchronized and overlapping particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence measurements have been conducted capturing the evolution of the patch through its initial growth until it reached a maximum size, followed by its collapse. The simultaneous measurements of density and velocity fields allow for a direct quantification of the degree of mixing within the patch, the propagation speed of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface and its thickness. The velocity measurements indicate significant non-equilibrium effects inside the patch which are not consistent with the classical used grid-action model. A local analysis of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface provides direct measurements of the entrainment velocity $w_{e}$ as compared to the local vertical velocity and turbulent intensity at the proximity of the interface. It is found that the entrainment rate $E$ is constrained in the range of $0÷0.1$ and that the local, gradient Richardson number at the interface is $\mathcal{O} (100)$. Finally, we show that the mean flow is responsible for the patch collapse.

physics.ao-ph↗
arXiv2017

Cumulus Parameterization: Those Who Can Remember the Past Are Condemned to Repeat It

Moist convection plays a leading role in the dynamics and energy budget of Earth's tropics and influences the sensitivity of Earth's climate to greenhouse gas increases. Because individual convective cells are much smaller than the gridboxes of 3-dimensional global climate models (GCMs), these models parameterize the effects of an ensemble of moist convective updrafts and downdrafts on the environment. Cumulus parameterization has been a focus of the terrestrial meteorology community for half a century. Only in past decade, however, have GCMs with moist convective physics been applied to other planets. Given our lack of detailed knowledge about convective clouds except on Earth, planetary GCMs are often designed with very simple approaches to cumulus parameterization, adopted from the earliest generations of terrestrial GCMs. These parameterizations were based on breakthroughs in understanding of convection in their time. However, at the same time that planetary GCMs have begun to emerge, a quiet revolution in how we think about terrestrial convection has started to influence the design of terrestrial GCMs. In this paper we review how some of the assumptions in the classical cumulus parameterizations used in planetary GCMs (and still in some terrestrial GCMs) have given way in recent years to a deeper understanding of how convection operates and why it matters for atmospheric dynamics and climate - on any planet.

astro-ph.EP↗