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The properties of the light, the Lorentz transformations and the relation mass-energy are introduced using the wave picture of the light and of the massive particles.
The aim of this paper is to study the relevance of simplicity and its formal representation as Kolmogorov or algorithmic complexity in the cognitive sciences. The discussion is based on two premises: 1) all human experience is generated in the brain, 2) the brain has only access to information. Taken together, these two premises lead us to conclude that all the elements of what we call `reality' are derived mental constructs based on information and compression, i.e., algorithmic models derived from the search for simplicity in data. Naturally, these premises apply to humans in real or virtual environments as well as robots or other cognitive systems. Based on this, it is further hypothesized that there is a hierarchy of processing levels where simplicity and compression play a major role. As applications, I illustrate first the relevance of compression and simplicity in fundamental neuroscience with an analysis of the Mismatch Negativity paradigm. Then I discuss the applicability to Presence research, which studies how to produce real-feeling experiences in mediated interaction, and use Bayesian modeling to define in a formal way different aspects of the illusion of Presence. The idea is put forth that given alternative models (interpretations) for a given mediated interaction, a brain will select the simplest one it can construct weighted by prior models. In the final section the universality of these ideas and applications in robotics, machine learning, biology and education is discussed. I emphasize that there is a common conceptual thread based on the idea of simplicity, which suggests a common study approach.
New work gathers in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. Tthe Cardassian dynamical equations are introduced generally and logically under GF fluid scenario, together with the flowing process of constructing phase space and differential dynamical systems from Friedmann equation. Hyperbolic cosecant Cardassian term is employed for concrete computing. The analysis proceeds in two cases, namely a unified description of matter and radiation energy density (case 1) and a separate description of matter and radiation terms (case 2).Formalism of case 2 is more exact at the expense of more complicatedness, and due to the mathematical symmetry of matter term and radiation term in hyperbolic cosecant function, the differential dynamical equations are considerably simplified. Phase space and dynamical systems for both cases are achieved. When we calculate the critical points for case 2, amazingly interesting behaviors of self-consistency and auto-normalization are exhibited, which is a strong support for the new model,along with a forever positive sound speed. The process of virial collapse in Cardassian cosmos is analyzed. Power-style Cardassian term is employed for its simplicity.Calculation declares that virial collapse of matter alone isforbidden. Yet Cardassian has excellent ability for virial collapse,after the virial collapse ending up with a stable sphere, the ratio of the ultimate radius to the original radius depends on the adjustable parameters in Cardassian term. And, the mixture of GF fluid and matter could conduct virial collapse, the ratio of the ultimate radius to the original radius depends on the adjustable parameters in Cardassian term, too. No singularity is generated.
Gauge transformations leave only specific Maxwell fields unchanged. To reveal more, I develop Lorenz field equations for superposed, sourced and unsourced, wave function potentials. In this Maxwell form system, the Lorenz condition is charge conservation. This allows me to define three transformation classes that screen for Lorenz relevance. Nongauge, sans gauge function, Lorentz conditions add polarization fields. These enable emergent, light-like radiation. That from Lissajous potentials is Nadelstrahlung. It conveys energy localized like particles at charge conserving, progressive phase points. Such rays escape discovery in modern Maxwell fields where gauge transformations suppress the polarizations.
It is argued that particle-specific information on energy-momentum adjusts the strength of gravity. This form of gravity has no free parameters, preserves Einstein gravity locally and predicts 6 times stronger accelerations on galaxy scales.
In January 2004, the Stardust spacecraft flew through the dust of comet 81P/Wild 2 and captured specks of the cometary dust. On analysis of the comet 81P/Wild 2 samples, it was found that they contain materials found in the coldest and hottest region of the early solar nebula, strongly suggesting 'mixing' on the grandest scale. Here it is suggested that if microorganisms were present in the early solar nebula, as required by the hypothesis of cometary panspermia, then in the light of the Stardust findings, life was already present in the very material that formed the planetary bodies.
We present an analysis of planetary moves, encoded in DE406 ephemerides. We show resonance cycles between most planets in Solar System, of differing quality. The most precise resonance - between Earth and Venus, which not only stabilizes orbits of both planets, locks planet Venus rotation in tidal locking, but also affects the Sun: This resonance group (E+V) also influences Sunspot cycles - the position of syzygy between Earth and Venus, when the barycenter of the resonance group most closely approaches the Sun and stops for some time, relative to Jupiter planet, well matches the Sunspot cycle of 11 years, not only for the last 400 years of measured Sunspot cycles, but also in 1000 years of historical record of "severe winters". We show, how cycles in angular momentum of Earth and Venus planets match with the Sunspot cycle and how the main cycle in angular momentum of the whole Solar system (854-year cycle of Jupiter/Saturn) matches with climatologic data, assumed to show connection with Solar output power and insolation. We show the possible connections between E+V events and Solar global p-Mode frequency changes. We futher show angular momentum tables and charts for individual planets, as encoded in DE405 and DE406 ephemerides. We show, that inner planets orbit on heliocentric trajectories whereas outer planets orbit on barycentric trajectories.
Plasma Physics defines the concept of the Debye length. Given the enormous electrical potential that would develop with no screening, we conjecture that the size of the Universe,as given by the speed of light c and its age t, ct, cannot be very much lower than the Debye length. The Debye length of the Universe must be of the order of its size ct.It turns out that it is about 6 times larger. Hence inside the volume of size ct there is an outward electrical pressure due to the lack of complete screening of the electrical charges. We suggest that these charges are related to the vacuum fluctuations. To the question of why the Universe does not collapse under its own gravitational attraction we analyze the possibility to answer this by the effect of the repulsive forces of these electrical charges. Evidence in support of the idea that space is not expanding is growing more and more in the scientific literature. As a frame of work we consider the model of a constant size Universe that implies a constant equilibrium between the gravitational (GM2/R2) and the electrical forces (Q2/R2). We find a large number, 5x10^60 that converts Planck units of mass, length, time, charge e and angular momentum h, into the mass M, size ct, age t, total charge Q and angular momentum of the Universe as in a scale-like way. It defines a black hole of mass M 10^56gr., size 10^28 cm., characteristic time 5x10^17sec, charge Q 3.3x10^60 e and maximum angular momentum H 10^120 h which is our Universe. We are inside it, a part of it. The solution to the Einstein cosmological equations, including an electrical pressure due to the charge Q, is in agreement with the value of the cosmological parameters currently reported.
Context: While CDM models and MOND give explanations for flat rotation curves of other galaxies, both present observational problems and the local gradient of the Milky Way's rotation curve is not flat. Aims: We consider whether flat rotation curves could be an artifact of an unmodelled component in spectral shift. Methods: In the absence of astrometric determinations of radial velocity, we apply a statistical test on a population of 20 440 Hipparcos stars inside 300 pc with known radial velocities and with accurate parallaxes in the New Hipparcos Reduction. Results: The test rejects the null hypothesis, there is no systematic error in spectrographic determinations of heliocentric radial velocity, with 99.95% confidence. In a separate test on metal-poor stars, we find tension between calculations of the orbital velocity of the Sun from three populations of halo stars inside and outside of a cone of 60° semi-angle from the direction of rotation. Tension cannot be removed with only systematic distance adjustments. Conclusions: We conclude that the most probable explanation is an unmodelled element in spectrographic determinations of heliocentric radial velocity with a probable cosmological origin, and propose that this unmodelled component, rather than CDM or MOND, is responsible for the apparent flatness of galaxy rotation curves.
We study geometry and topology as complementary and dual aspects of the mathematical space. The same is used to get a better understanding of the Cosmological Constant. Having failed so far to include gravity in a proper unified framework with the other three fundamental gauge forces, we are now faced with an additional unwanted fifth force of repulsion, also envisaged as the Dark Energy problem. How does one understand this 3+1+1 fundamental force dilemma? We introduce here a novel idea of the Fundamental Forces. This will give us an additional and an all-encompassing way of classifying these five fundamental forces in a consistent manner and thereby strengthen the geometry-topology complementarity concept. This also helps us to understand as to what one actually means when substituting ${g_{μν}} = {η_{μν}} + {h_{μν}}$ with the last term being "small" in General Relativity. This provides an understanding of the generic relationship and the complementarity of the geometric and the topological structures which is then formalized as a basic theorem enabling us to understand the underlying connection between the physical reality and the pure mathematical structures.
We revisit the persistent flow of a superfluid in a thin wavy-rough annulus. The existence of a phase memory around this thin corrugated annulus is shown to be responsible for the energy minima with a periodic dependence on the total momentum which is directly related to the quantization of circulation. We also illustrate the general features using the ideal Bose gas as an example.
In 2008 a group of NASA scientists reported an anomalous change in the speed of six spacecraft flybys of the Earth. The reported speed change for the NEAR spacecraft flyby is 13.46+-0.01 mm/s. It is known that general relativity theory reduces to classical time-retarded electromagnetic field theory in the linearized approximation. This report shows that time-retarded field theory applied to the Earth's transverse gravitational field gives rise to a small change in the speed of a spacecraft during a flyby. The speed change depends on the time dependence of the transverse gravitational field, which generates an induction field that is proportional to the time derivative of the transverse gravitational field. If the corresponding speed for the induction field is set equal to (4.130+-0.003) times the Earth's equatorial rotational surface speed, and the speed of the Earth's gravitational field is set equal to (1.060+-0.001) times the vacuum speed of light, the calculated value for the speed change for the NEAR flyby agrees exactly with the observed value. Similar results are found for the remaining five flybys.
First, we point out that the present applied superposition principle is linear, it must be developed into a generality. Next, the linear operators and equations should be developed nonlinearly. They will include nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equations, and corresponding Heisenberg equation. The quantum commutation and anticommutation should be developed. This theory may include the renormalization, which is the correction of Feynman rules of curved closed loops. We think the interaction equations are nonlinear. Many theories, models and phenomena are all nonlinear, for instance, soliton, nonabelian gauge field, and the bag model, etc. The superluminal entangled state, which relates the nonlocal quantum teleportation and nonlinearity, should be a new fifth interaction. Moreover, the NL effects exist possibly for four interactions, for single particle, for high energy, and for small space-time, etc. The relations among NL theory and electroweak unified theory, and QCD, and CP nonconservation, etc., are expounded. Finally, some known and possible tests are discussed. The NL theory relates the possible decrease of entropy in isolated system.
The problem concerning the form of the electrostatic field potential of the infinite charged metallic plane contacting with the metallic sphere is solved. The distributions of the surface charge densities both on the plane and the sphere and also the force acting on the sphere that causing to tear away from the plane are found. The expressions found for the charge of the sphere and the force of tear from the plane permits estimate the frequency of the shuttle motion of the nanoparticles and the charge transfer between metallic electrodes and also use them for the measurement of their sizes and to make use of their separation in progress.
The fundamental principle of quantum mechanics is that the probabilities of physical outcomes are obtained from the intermediate states and processes of the interacting particles, considered as happening concurrently. When the interaction is described by a potential, the total energy of the particle is equal to its total kinetic plus potential energies. We derive the Schrodinger and Dirac equations as the conditions the wavefunction must satisfy at each point in order to fulfill the corresponding energy equation. In our approach quantum theory is tangible, experimentally justified and theoretically consistent. PACS numbers: 03.65.-w Keywords: Quantum principles; Quantum dynamics; Schrodinger equation; Dirac equation
This paper presents a compelling argument for the physical light speed in the Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe to vary with the cosmic time coordinate "t" of FLRW. It must be variable when the radial comoving differential coordinates of FLRW is interpreted as physical and therefore transformable by a Lorentz transform locally to differentials of stationary physical coordinates. Because the FLRW differential radial distance has a time varying coefficient a(t), integration of the transformed differentials to obtain stationary coordinates for a short radial distance requires the light speed c(t) to be proportional to the square root of da/dt. Since we assume homogeneity of space, this derived c(t) is the physical light speed on all points of the FLRW universe. This impacts the interpretation of all astronomical observations of distant phenomena that are sensitive to light speed. A world transform from FLRW that has a Minkowski metric close to the origin is shown to have a physical radius out to all points of the visible universe. In order to obtain numerical values for c(t), the general relativity (GR) field equation is extended by using a variable gravitational constant and rest mass that keeps constant the gravitational and particle rest energies. This also keeps constant the proportionality constant between the GR tensors of the field equation and conserves the rest stress-energy tensor of the ideal fluid used in the FLRW GR field equation. In the same way all of special and general relativity is extended to include a variable light speed.
It is well understood that various alternatives are available within EM theory for the definitions of energy density, momentum transfer, EM stress-energy tensor, and so forth. Although the various options are all compatible with the basic equations of electrodynamics (e.g., Maxwell's equations, Lorentz force law, gauge invariance), nonetheless certain alternative formulations lend themselves to being seen as preferable to others with regard to the transparency of their application to physical problems of interest. Here we argue for the transparency of an option based on use of the EM potentials alone.
I suppose that quantum objects obey elementary probability theory. I consider a connection of elementary probability theory and complex quantum amplitudes by a matrix calculus. A special case of a discrete pregeometry is an example of this approach.