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arXiv2009

Von Neumann and Luders postulates and quantum information theory

This note is devoted to some foundational aspects of quantum mechanics (QM) related to quantum information (QI) theory, especially quantum teleportation and ``one way quantum computing.'' We emphasize the role of the projection postulate (determining post-measurement states) in QI and the difference between its Lüders and von Neumann versions. These projection postulates differ crucially in the case of observables with degenerate spectra. Such observables play the fundamental role in operations with entangled states: any measurement on one subsystem is represented by an observable with degenerate spectrum in the Hilbert space of a composite system. If von Neumann was right and Lüders was wrong the canonical schemes of quantum teleportation and ``one way quantum computing'' would not work. Surprisingly, we found that, in fact, von Neumann's description of measurements via refinement implies (under natural assumptions) Lüders projection postulate. It seems that this important observation was missed during last 70 years. This result closed the problem of the proper use of the projection postulate in quantum information theory. One can proceed with Lüders postulate (as people in quantum information really do).

quant-ph↗
arXiv2009

Climate Change: Sources of Warming in the Late 20th Century

The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, volcanic and other aerosols, as well as the extraordinary solar activity of the late 20th century are discussed in the context of the warming since the mid-1970s. Much of that warming is found to be due to natural causes.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2010

Demystification of quantum entanglement

One of the crucial differences between mathematical models of classical and quantum mechanics is the use of the tensor product of the state spaces of subsystems as the state space of the corresponding composite system. (To describe an ensemble of classical composite systems one uses random variables taking values in the Cartesian product of the state spaces of subsystems.) We show that, nevertheless, it is possible to establish a natural correspondence between the classical and quantum probabilistic descriptions of composite systems. Quantum averages for composite systems (including entangled) can be represented as averages with respect to classical random fields. It is essentially what Albert Einstein was dreamed of. Quantum mechanics is represented as classical statistical mechanics with infinite-dimensional phase space. While the mathematical construction is completely rigorous, its physical interpretation is a complicated problem (which will not be discussed in this paper).

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Dark Energy and Search for the Generalized Second Law

The discovery of accelerated Hubble expansion in the SNIa data and the observed power spectrum of the microwave background radiation provide an ample support for Dark energy and Dark matter. Except for the so far well-known facts that cold dark matter (or simply dark matter) is pressureless, and dark energy has a negative pressure, the nature of these two still remains a complete mystery. The mystery facilitates different consideration. In one hand, dark matter and dark energy are assumed as distinct entities, and other interpretation is that both are different manifestation of a common structure, often referred as quartessence. Chaplygin gas, a perfect fluid also favours the second interpretation. Here, we consider modified chaplygin gas as dark energy candidate. Taking into account the existence of the observer's event horizon in accelerated universe, we find the condition where the generalized second law of gravitational thermodynamics is valid and the positivity of the temperature of the phantom fluid remains intact.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Cosmic Ray Anomalies Inspired Some Discussion on Modified Chaplygin Gas

The postulation of Dark energy and Dark matter on the basis of observational results does not end the mystery of their existence. Theoretically new insights into dark matter have been achieved analyzing recent experimental data from the cosmic ray physics. It has been shown that, if the dark matter is a hidden scalar field, then it is not only possible to explain the ATIC/PPB BETS excess but also the observed dark matter abundance naturally and simultaneously. Being motivated, mainly by the assumption of hidden scalar field and some associated works, we consider the Modified Chaplygin Gas for some thermodynamical analysis. The point that if the scalar field is assumed to oscillate before the reheating was not completed, i.e., T_R <= 10^10 GeV, the abundance of dark matter would be diluted by the entropy production during reheating indicates the importance of thermodynamical analysis. We, assuming the properties of Modified Chaplygin Gas, derive an expression for the second law of thermodynamics. It is observed that it also sheds some new lights on Generalised Second Law.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

The scalar complex potential of the electromagnetic field

In this paper, we define a scalar complex potential $\mathcal{S}$ for an arbitrary electromagnetic field. This potential is a modification of the two scalar potential functions introduced by E. T. Whittaker. By use of a complexified Minkowski space $M$, we decompose the usual Lorentz group representation on $M$ into a product of two commuting new representations. These representations are based on the complex Faraday tensor. For a moving charge and for any observer, we obtain a complex dimensionless scalar which is invariant under one of our new representations. The scalar complex potential is the logarithm of this dimensionless scalar times the charge value. We define a conjugation on $M$ which is invariant under our representation. We show that the Faraday tensor is the derivative of the conjugate of the gradient of the complex potential. The real part of the Faraday tensor coincides with the usual electromagnetic tensor of the field. The potential $\mathcal{S}$, as a complex-valued function on space-time, is described as an integral over the distribution of the charges generating the electromagnetic field. This potential is like a wave function description of the field. If we chose the Bondi tetrad (called also Newman-Penrose basis) as a basis on $M$, the components of the Faraday vector at each point may be derived from $\mathcal{S}$ by $ F_j=E_j+iB_j={\partial}^ν(α_j)_ν^λ{\partial}_λ\mathcal{S}$, where $(α_j)$ are the known $α$-matrices of Dirac. This fact indicates that our potential may build a "bridge" between classical and quantum physics.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Influence of field potential on the speed of light

The paper discusses the affection of the scalar potential on the speed of light in the electromagnetic field, by means of the characteristics of octonion. In the octonion space, the radius vector is combined with the integral of field potentials to become one new radius vector. When the field potentials can not be neglected, the new radius vector will cause the prediction to departure slightly from the theoretical value of the speed of light. The results explain why the speed of light varies in diversiform optical waveguide. And there exist negative refractive indexes due to different scalar potentials in the gravitational field and electromagnetic field.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Quark flowers and quark condensation

The mass formation of basic vector mesons up to energy 3.8 GeV was studied. The investigation was done with using of jet mechanism, the harmonic quarks and neutral colorless groups. The stage of a whole string with a zero interquark momentum was considered as a separate stage of hadronization. The quark group with rest mass equal to experimental mass of hadron was named as flower. The quark flowers were found for $ρ$, $ω$, $φ$, $ψ/J$, $ψ$(2S) and $ψ$(3770). The flower mass of $ψ$(2S) was defined as 3686.09 MeV. The structure of quark flowers is symmetrical and consists from an aura and central part. The formation of quark shells, the condensation of quarks on the quark leaders, the floral schemes of kaon formation and complicated hadronization are discussed.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Complementary Quark and Lepton Deviation from Mass-Degeneracy Hierarchies

Near magnitudes of Dirac particle mass-ratios, mixing hierarchy-quantities and electroweak charges against the background of highly successful flavor-universal one-generation EW theory is a puzzle in need of diverse inclusive research. In this paper I study the problem in proper terms of lepton and quark Deviation-from-Mass-Degeneracy (DMD) hierarchies at tree EW approximation. As primary are considered not discrete flavor symmetry but rather the deviations from mass-degeneracy-symmetry without inventing exact particular symmetry. Empirically suggested benchmark flavor patterns (zero approximation) and deviations from benchmarks caused by emergence of a small related to EW charges parameter are considered two sources of realistic flavor quantities. Physically interesting mass and mixing flavor quantities are obtained as solutions of linear and quadratic DMD-hierarchy equation-pairs with complementary patterns of quark and lepton DMD-hierarchies. Dual relations between DMD-quantities of quarks and charged leptons (Dirac particles), on the one hand, and neutrinos (likely Majorana particles), on the other hand, are inferences. Considered in the literature approximate quark-neutrino mixing angle complementarity appears naturally from the violation of benchmark patterns by the emergent small parameter.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2010

Geometry and Localization, a metaphorically related pair

It is often overlooked that local quantum physics has a built in quantum localization structure which may under certain circumstances disagree with (differential, algebraic) geometric ideas. String theory originated from such a spectacular misinterpretation of a source-target embedding in which an inner symmetry of the source object becomes the Lorentz symmetry of the target space. The quantum localization reveals however that the resulting object is an infinite component pointlike field. There are also other other areas in QFT which suffered from having followed geometrical metaphors and payed too little attention to the autonomous localization properties. This will be illustrated in the concrete context of three examples. We also show that "modular localization ", i.e. the intrinsic localization theory of local quantum quantum physics, leads to a radiacal new way of looking at (nonperturbative) QFT. For the first time in the history of QFT there are now existence theorems for a class of strictly renormalizable (i.e. not superrenormalizable) factorizable QFTs which are based on these new concepts. The paper ends with some worrisome sociological observations about the state of particle physics and the direction in which it is heading. These remarks are based on the results presented in the three previous sections.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

High temperature superconductivity in metallic region near Mott transition

The spin-singlet superconductivity without phonons is examined in consideration of correlations on an extended Hubbard model. It is shown that the superconductivity requires not only the total correlation should be strong enough but also the density of state around Fermi energy should be large enough, which shows that the high temperature superconductivity could only be found in the metallic region near the Mott metal insulator transition (MIT). Other properties of superconductors are also discussed on these conclusions.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Corpuscular description of the speed of light in a homogeneous medium

We are used to describe the detection of light in terms of particles and its propagation from the source to the detection, by waves. For instance, the slowing down of light in a transparent medium is always explained within the electromagnetic wave framework. We propose to approach that phenomenon through a purely corpuscular description. We find expression for the refractive indices which differ slightly from the usual Maxwell wave approach. We thus compare these expressions against experimental refractive indices and we show that both reproduce well the data. We show also how this corpuscular framework gives a very natural interpretation to the self focusing Kerr effect. Finally an experimental expectation of fluctuation of the speed of light is presented.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Energy States of Universe and New Phantom Energy

Energy states of the universe is obtained when the scale factor is defined as a=At^n, and n varies as -1<=n<=1,with the aid of the wavefunction which was constructed in, Mahgoub Salih, A Canonical Quantization formalism of curvature squared action. we found new properties of early Phantom energy, which it`s energy density increases with time while w=-1/3 .

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Initiation of nuclear reactions under laser irradiation of Au nanoparticles in the presence of Thorium aqua-ions

Initiation of nuclear reactions in Thorium nuclei is experimentally studied under laser exposure of Au nanoparticles suspended in the aqueous solution of Th(NO3)4 (232Th). It is found that the reaction pathway depends in which water, either H2O or D2O, the laser exposure is carried out. Saturation of the liquids (H2O or D2O) with gaseous H2 or D2, respectively, enhances the nuclear reactions under laser exposure allowing their excitation at peak intensity as low as 1010 W/cm2. Enhanced gamma-activity of the probe is observed after the end of laser exposure for several hours.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2014

On the peculiarity of the Coulomb gauge

In an earlier paper we provided an alternative to the standard gauge concept for deriving the classical electromagnetic wave equations. This alternative involves recognition of two previously overlooked basic equations and represents a simplification of the formalism and a clarification of some basic physics that is obscured in the standard method. It also removes inconsistencies inherent in the gauge approach. The present paper relates to the Coulomb gauge and addresses another example of a major inconsistency that derives directly from the gauge concept

physics.class-ph↗
arXiv2009

Spin Singularities: Clifford Kaleidoscopes and Particle Masses

Are particles singularities- vortex lines, tubes, or sheets in some global ocean of dark energy? We visit the zoo of Lagrangian singularities, or caustics in a spin(4,C) phase flow over compactifed Minkowsky space, and find that their varieties and energies parallel the families and masses of the elementary particles. Singularities are classified by tensor products of J Coxeter groups s generated by reflections. The multiplicity, s, is the number reflections needed to close a cycle of null zigzags: nonlinear resonances of J chiral pairs of lightlike matter spinors with (4-J) Clifford mirrors: dyads in the remaining unperturbed vacuum pairs. Using singular perturbations to "peel" phase-space singularities by orders in the vacuum intensity, we find that singular varieties with quantized mass, charge, and spin parallel the families of leptons (J=1), mesons (J=2), and hadrons (J=3). Taking the symplectic 4 form - the volume element in the 8- spinor phase space- as a natural Lagrangian, these singularities turn out to have rest energies within a few percent of the observed particle masses.

physics.gen-ph↗
arXiv2009

Combining NASA/JPL One-Way Optical-Fiber Light-Speed Data with Spacecraft Earth-Flyby Doppler-Shift Data to Characterise 3-Space Flow

We combine data from two high precision NASA/JPL experiments: (i) the one-way speed of light experiment using optical fibers: Krisher T.P., Maleki L., Lutes G.F., Primas L.E., Logan R.T., Anderson J.D. and Will C.M., Phys. Rev. D, vol 42, 731-734, 1990, and (ii) the spacecraft earth-flyby doppler shift data: Anderson J.D., Campbell J.K., Ekelund J.E., Ellis J. and Jordan J.F., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol 100, 091102, 2008, to give the solar-system galactic 3-space average speed of 486km/s in the direction RA=4.29hrs, Dec=-75.0deg. Turbulence effects (gravitational waves) are also evident. Data also reveals the 30km/s orbital speed of the earth and the sun inflow component at 1AU of 42km/s and also 615km/s near the sun, and for the first time, experimental measurement of the 3-space 11.2km/s inflow of the earth. The NASA/JPL data is in remarkable agreement with that determined in other light speed anisotropy experiments, such as Michelson-Morley (1887), Miller (1933), Torr and Kolen (1981), DeWitte (1991), Cahill (2006), Munera (2007), Cahill and Stokes (2008) and Cahill (2009).

physics.gen-ph↗