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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
arXiv2013

Why do mayflies change their gill kinematics as they grow?

The mayfly nymph breathes under water through an oscillating array of wing-shaped tracheal gills. As the nymph grows, the kinematics of these gills change abruptly from rowing to flapping. The classical fluid dynamics approach to consider the mayfly nymph as a pumping device fails in giving clear reasons to this switch. In order to understand the whys and the hows of this switch between the two distinct kinematics, we analyze the problem under a Lagrangian viewpoint. We consider that a good Lagrangian transport that distributes and spreads water and dissolved oxygen well between and around the gills is the main goal of the gill motion. Using this Lagrangian approach we are able to provide the reason behind the switch from rowing to flapping that the mayfly nymph experiences as it grows. More precisely, recent and powerful tools from this Lagrangian approach are applied to in-sillico mayfly nymph experiments, where body shape, as well as, gill shapes, structures and kinematics are matched to those from in-vivo. In this letter, we show both qualitatively and quantitatively how the change of kinematics enables a better attraction, stirring and confinement of water charged of dissolved oxygen inside the gills area. From the computational velocity field we reveal attracting barriers to transport, i.e. attracting Lagrangian coherent structures, that form the transport skeleton between and around the gills. In addition, we quantify how well the fluid particles and consequently dissolved oxgen is spread and stirred inside the gills area.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Global Regularity for an Inviscid Three-dimensional Slow Limiting Ocean Dynamics Model

We establish, for smooth enough initial data, the global well-posedness (existence, uniqueness and continuous dependence on initial data) of solutions, for an inviscid three-dimensional {\it slow limiting ocean dynamics} model. This model was derived as a strong rotation limit of the rotating and stratified Boussinesg equations with periodic boundary conditions. To establish our results we utilize the tools developed for investigating the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equations and linear transport equations. Using a weaker formulation of the model we also show the global existence and uniqueness of solutions, for less regular initial data.

math.AP↗
arXiv2013

Limitations of estimating turbulent convection velocities from PIV

This paper deals with determination of turbulent convection velocities from particle image velocimetry (PIV). Turbulent convection velocities are of interest because they can be used to map temporal information into space. Convection velocity can be defined in several different ways. One approach is to use the phase-spectrum of two signals with a time-separation. Obtaining convection velocity per wavenumber involves determining a spatial spectrum. PIV data is limited in spatial resolution and sample length. The influence of truncation of both spatial resolution and frequency resolution is investigated, as well as the influences of spatial filtering and measurement noise. These issues are investigated by using a synthetic data set obtained by creating velocity-time data with an imposed spectrum. Results from the validation show that, when applying a Hamming window before determining the phase spectrum, there is a usable range of wavenumbers for which convection velocities can be determined. Simulation of flow evolution, movement into and out of the measurement plane, and measurement noise show that these result in a spread in convection velocities using the current approach. Despite this spread, the most probable calculated convection velocity coincides with the imposed convection velocity. Application of the phase-spectral approach to a turbulent boundary layer with $Re_τ\approx 2700$, shows there is a range of convection velocities and that the most probable convection velocity is equal to the local mean velocity.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Effective Medium Theory for Drag Reducing Micro-patterned Surfaces in Turbulent Flows

Inspired by the lotus effect, many studies in the last decade have focused on micro- and nano-patterned surfaces. They revealed that patterns at the micro-scale combined with high contact angles can significantly reduce skin drag. However, the mechanisms and parameters that control drag reduction, e.g. Reynolds number and pattern geometry, are still unclear. We propose an effective medium representation of the micro-features, that treats the latter as a porous medium, and provides a framework to model flow over patterned surfaces in both Cassie and Wenzel states. Our key result is a closed-form expression for the skin friction coefficient in terms of frictional Reynolds (or Kármán) number in turbulent regime, the viscosity ratio between the fluid in and above the features, and their geometrical properties. We apply the proposed model to turbulent flows over superhydrophobic ridged surfaces. The model predictions agree with laboratory experiments for Reynolds numbers ranging from 3000 to 10000.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Upscaled Lattice Boltzmann Method for Simulations of Flows in Heterogeneous Porous Media

A upscaled lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for flow simulations in heterogeneous porous media, at both pore and Darcy scales, is proposed in this paper. In the micro-scale simulations, we model flows using LBM with the modified Guo et al. algorithm where we replace the force model with a simple Shan-Chen force model. The proposed upscaled LBM uses coarser grids to represent the effects of the fine-grid (pore-scale) simulations. For the upscaled LBM, effective properties and reduced-order models are proposed as we coarsen the grid. The effective properties are computed using solutions of local problems (e.g., by performing local LBM simulations) subject to some boundary conditions. A upscaled LBM that can reduce the computational complexity of existing LBM and transfer the information between different scales is implemented. The results of coarse-grid, reduced-order, simulations agree very well with averaged results obtained using a fine grid.

physics.comp-ph↗
arXiv2013

Lyapunov stable Galerkin models of post-transient incompressible flows

A method for deriving provably stable low-dimensional Galerkin models of post-transient incompressible flows is introduced. The proposed approach involves an iterative procedure for expansion modes that satisfy Lyapunov stability in the neighborhood of a fixed point. The approach is demonstrated using two prototypical flow configurations: a two-dimensional mixing layer, and two-dimensional flow inside a lid-driven cavity. This new methodology can be a building block in an effort to develop more accurate and more robust low-dimensional models of incompressible flows.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Two Cases of Radial Adiabatic Motions of a Polytrope with Gamma=4/3

A self-gravitating sphere of polytropic gas (polytrope) is considered. The system of equations describing radial motions of this sphere in Lagrangian variables reduces to the only nonlinear PDE of the second order in both variables (Lagrangian coordinate and time). The linearization of this PDE leads to the well-known Eddington's equation of the standard model. The case of no energy exchange between the polytrope and the outer medium is considered, that is, polytrope's motions are adiabatic. If gamma (a ratio of the specific heats of the gas) is 4/3 than PDE obtained allows the separation of variables. There exist two types of solutions of the problem both describing limitless expansion without shock wave formation. The first one is an expansion with positive total energy, and the second one is an expansion with zero total energy. The second solution is of an astrophysical interest. It describes the permanently retarding expansion that, perhaps, is akin to a born of a red giant. The stellar density in this case concentrates to the centre of the star stronger than the density of the stationary star with the same gamma.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Steady-State Flow-Force Compensation in a Hydraulic Spool Valve

A high-speed jet flowing inside of a partially-open hydraulic valve is accompanied by a reaction force, also referred to as flow force. The nature of this force has remained a mystery despite an extensive research effort spanning many decades. The momentum theory on the flow force by Lee and Blackburn (1952) explains the origin of the flow force and offers a design solution to shape the valve spool as a turbine bucket. It provides a model to calculate the compensated flow force as well. This paper shows that the model applies to a different flow case due to incorrect assumptions made. A corrected equation is presented based on a detailed analysis of the static-pressure distribution in the valve cavity as well as on a literature review of pressure loss in diffusers and nozzles. The new equation is based on the compensation taking place upstream of the valve orifice, not downstream as assumed by the momentum theory. The new model can be applied to chamfers or notches on the valve spool without the need to machine a complete turbine-bucket profile. Keywords: flow force, flow-force compensation, hydraulic valve design, control volume, fluid momentum, pressure loss, nozzles, diffusers, CFD.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

A Comparison of Fick and Maxwell-Stefan Diffusion Formulations in PEMFC Cathode Gas Diffusion Layers

This paper explores the mathematical formulations of Fick and Maxwell-Stefan diffusion in the context of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell cathode gas diffusion layers. Formulations of diffusion combined with mass-averaged Darcy flow are considered for three component gases. Fick formulations can be considered as approximations of Maxwell-Stefan in a certain sense. For this application, the formulations can be compared computationally in a simple, one dimensional setting. We observe that the predictions of the formulations are very similar, despite their seemingly different structure. Analytic insight is given to the result. In addition, it is seen that for both formulations, diffusion laws are small perturbations from bulk flow. The work is also intended as a reference to multi-component gas diffusion formulations in the fuel cell setting.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Influence of hydrodynamic instabilities on the propagation mechanism of fast flames

The present work investigates the structure of fast supersonic turbulent flames typically observed as precursors to the onset of detonation. These high speed deflagrations are obtained after the interaction of a detonation wave with cylindrical obstacles. Two mixtures having the same propensity for local hot spot formation were considered, namely hydrogen-oxygen and methane-oxygen. It was shown that the methane mixture sustained turbulent fast flames, while the hydrogen mixture did not. Detailed high speed visualizations of nearly two-dimensional flow fields permitted to identify the key mechanism involved. The strong vorticity generation associated with shock reflections in methane permitted to drive jets. These provided local enhancement of mixing rates, sustenance of pressure waves, organization of the front in stronger fewer modes and eventually the transition to detonation. In the hydrogen system, for similar thermo-chemical parameters, the absence of these jets did not permit to establish such fast flames. This jetting slip line instability in shock reflections (and lack thereof in hydrogen) was correlated with the value of the isentropic exponent and its control of Mach shock jetting instability (Mach & Radulescu).

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Set-valued solutions for non-ideal detonation

The existence and structure of steady gaseous detonation propagating in a packed bed of solid inert particles are analyzed in the one-dimensional approximation by taking into consideration frictional and heat losses between the gas and the particles. A new formulation of the governing equations is introduced that eliminates the well-known difficulties with numerical integration across the sonic singularity in the reactive Euler equations. The new algorithm allows us to determine that the detonation solutions as the loss factors are varied have a set-valued nature at low detonation velocities when the sonic constraint disappears from the solutions. These set-valued solutions correspond to a continuous spectrum of the eigenvalue problem that determines the velocity of the detonation.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Methods for Calculating the Pressure Field in the Tube Flow

In this paper we outline methods for calculating the pressure field inside flow conduits in the one-dimensional flow models where the pressure is dependent on the axial coordinate only. The investigation is general with regard to the tube mechanical properties (rigid or distensible), and with regard to the cross sectional variation along the tube length (constant or variable). The investigation is also general with respect to the fluid rheology as being Newtonian or non-Newtonian.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Coins falling in water

When a coin falls in water, its trajectory is one of four types determined by its dimensionless moment of inertia $I^\ast$ and Reynolds number Re: (A) steady; (B) fluttering; (C) chaotic; or (D) tumbling. The dynamics induced by the interaction of the water with the surface of the coin, however, makes the exact landing site difficult to predict a priori. Here, we describe a carefully designed experiment in which a coin is dropped repeatedly in water, so that we can determine the probability density functions (pdf) associated with the landing positions for each of the four trajectory types, all of which are radially symmetric about the center-drop line. In the case of the steady mode, the pdf is approximately Gaussian distributed, with variances that are small, indicating that the coin is most likely to land at the center, right below the point it is dropped from. For the other falling modes, the center is one of the least likely landing sites. Indeed, the pdf's of the fluttering, chaotic and tumbling modes are characterized by a "dip" around the center. For the tumbling mode, the pdf is a ring configuration about the center-line, with a ring width that depends on the dimensionless parameters $I^\ast$ and Re and height from which the coin is dropped. For the chaotic mode, the pdf is generally a broadband distribution spread out radially symmetrically about the center-line. For the steady and fluttering modes, the coin never flips, so the coin lands with the same side up as was dropped. For the chaotic mode, the probability of heads or tails is close to 0.5. In the case of the tumbling mode, the probability of heads or tails based on the height of the drop which determines whether the coin flips an even or odd number of times during descent.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Steady and periodic regimes of laminar flow around the rotating cylinder

A numerical study of the problem of laminar infinite flow of viscous incompressible fluid around a rotating circular cylinder at Reynolds number $ 50 \le {\rm Re} \le 500 $ and dimensionless rotation rate $ 0 \le α\le 7 $ has been carried out. The parametric map of flow regimes has been constructed, where two zones of steady and two zones of periodic solutions are signed out. The dependencies of the drag and lift coefficients on the rotation rate for $ {\rm Re} = 200 $ are studied in detail. Convergence of the numerical solution to the known asymptotic solution at large $ α$ is confirmed.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Theoretical Modeling of Internal Hydraulic Jump in Density Currents

In this paper, we propose an analytical framework for internal hydraulic jumps. Density jumps or internal hydraulic jumps occur when a supper critical flow of water discharges into a stagnant layer of water with slightly different density. The approach used here is control volume method which is also used to analyze ordinary hydraulic jumps. The important difference here is that entrainment is taken into account. Using conservation equations with the aid of some simplifying assumptions we come to an equation that gives jump downstream height as function of jump upstream characteristics and the entrainment. To determine the magnitude of downstream height we use an experimental equation for calculating the entrainment. Finally we verify our framework by comparing the height that we gain from the derived equation with some experimental data.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Validation of reduced kinetic models for simulations of non-steady combustion processes

In the present work we compare reliability of several most widely used reduced detailed chemical kinetic schemes for hydrogen-air and hydrogen-oxygen combustible mixtures. The validation of the schemes includes detailed analysis of 0D and 1D calculations and comparison with experimental databases containing data on induction time, equilibrium temperature, composition of the combustion products, laminar flame speed and the flame front thickness at different pressures. 1D calculations are carried out using the full gasdynamical system for compressible viscous thermal conductive multicomponent mixture. The proper choice of chemical kinetics models is essential for obtaining reliable quantitative and qualitative insight into combustion phenomena such as flame acceleration and stability, ignition, transition from deflagration-to-detonation (DDT) using a multiscale numerical modeling.

physics.flu-dyn↗
arXiv2013

Hole dynamics in vertically vibrated liquids and suspensions

We study the dynamics of holes created in vertically vibrated dense suspensions and viscous Newtonian liquids. We find that all holes oscillate with the driving frequency, with a phase shift of $π/2$. In Newtonian liquids holes always close, while in suspensions holes may grow in time. We present a lubrication model for the closure of holes which is in good agreement with the experiments in Newtonian liquids. The growth rate of growing holes in suspensions is found to scale with the particle diameter over the suspending liquid viscosity. Comparing closing holes in Newtonian liquids to growing holes in dense suspensions we find a sinusoidal, linear response in the first, and a highly non-linear one in the latter. Moreover, the symmetry of the oscillation is broken and is shown to provide an explanation for the observation that holes in dense suspensions can grow.

cond-mat.soft↗